Rush Limbaugh cited one of my discoveries on his show

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11-05-2024 12:06
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	The huge explosion in Pennsylvania brought attention to the legacy of old hydrocarbon wells and what they continue to release. NBC nightly news had a great report on it tonight. It remains to be confirmed if the explosion was fueled by methane released from one of the abandoned wells in the area. To follow up on the post above this one, the NBC report revealed something that will likely surprise most people. These old oil and gas wells are causing arsenic concentrations in ground water to increase, by orders of magnitude in some cases. The arsenic doesn't come from the petroleum or methane. The hydrocarbons are being used by bacteria under low oxygen conditions. To oxidize the organic carbon, bacteria use ferric iron as oxidant. The ferric iron(III), or Fe3+, gets reduced to ferrous iron(II), or Fe2+. Arsenate, a form of arsenic(V), that was bound to the ferric iron gets released into solution. Different bacteria can then use the arsenate, or arsenic(V), as oxidant to get energy from organic carbon oxidation in the absence of oxygen, reducing it to arsenite, or arsenic(III). It is easy enough to advise people not to use the water once the problem has been identified. But otherwise, they cannot taste it in the water. It is also relatively easy to remedy the problem. Once the point source origin of the hydrocarbons is located, air can be pumped underground to oxygenate that location. The presence of oxygen will bring about the precipitation or adsorption of much of the arsenic in solution. The presence of oxygen will also prevent any more solid-phase arsenic from being released into solution via reductive dissolution. The energy yield for hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria is much greater using oxygen rather than ferric iron or arsenate as oxidant. The iron and arsenic reducing bacteria cannot compete effectively if oxygen is present. The aerobic hydrocarbon oxidizers will win out until the oxygen runs out. Hydrocarbons yield energy when they are oxidized from organic carbon into inorganic carbon, whether in a combustion engine or a bacteria. Bacteria of one kind or another will find a way to exploit this resource where they can find it, using one kind of oxidant or another. To keep the arsenic from contaminating the water supply, we might prefer that the bacteria use oxygen rather than ferric iron(III) or arsenate arsenic(V) as their best available oxidant.
11-05-2024 12:07
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	The recent explosion in Pennsylvania has drawn attention to the existence of many abandoned hydrocarbon wells in the area. A recent NBC nightly news report also pointed out that elevated arsenic in groundwater was associated with these old wells. Through biogeochemical interactions, methane leaking from old wells causes arsenic to be released into groundwater. Before humans drilled the wells, methane did not come up from underground into groundwater. The arsenic in the soil that contacted the groundwater was almost entirely in the form of arsenate, AsO4(3-), in the oxidized arsenic(V) form. Most of that arsenate was bound to the surfaces of iron, manganese, and aluminum (hydr)oxide clay minerals. Unable to dissolve and enter groundwater. There are many species of bacteria that can oxidize methane under low oxygen conditions. The three kinds of greatest interest are: 1. Iron-reducing, methane oxidizing bacteria. They use ferric iron(III) as oxidant to oxidize methane. The insoluble ferric iron(III) is reduced to the soluble form of ferrous iron(II). Any arsenate attached to the ferric iron (hydr)oxide gets dissolved along with it. 2. Manganese-reducing, methane oxidizing bacteria. They use manganese(IV) as oxidant to oxidize methane. The insoluble manganese(IV) gets reduced to the soluble form of manganese(II). Any arsenate attached to the manganese(IV) (hydr)oxide gets dissolved along with it. 3. Arsenic-reducing, methane oxidizing bacteria. They use arsenate arsenic(V) as oxidant to oxidize methane. The relatively insoluble arsenate is reduced to arsenite arsenic(III). Compared to arsenate As(V), arsenite As(III) is much less likely to precipitate out or adsorb to Al, Fe, and Mn (hydr)oxide clay surfaces. So the old well leaks methane into a zone where it was not present before. Whatever oxygen may have been present is soon exhausted by aerobic methane oxidizing bacteria. These bacteria use oxygen gas as oxidant to oxidize methane. Once low oxygen conditions are created, bacteria that use ferric iron(III), manganese(IV), or arsenate arsenic(V) as oxidants will have the competitive advantage to exploit the available methane. This results in elevated groundwater arsenic as arsenate arsenic(V) is released into solution by reductive dissolution of ferric iron(III) and manganese(IV). Arsenate released into solution then becomes available for use as oxidant by arsenic reducing bacteria that oxidize methane. The chemically reduced form of arsenic, arsenite As(III), can remain dissolved at much higher concentration for longer periods of time than the oxidized form, arsenate As(V). If oxygen becomes available, a different kind of bacteria will be able to make a living by oxidizing arsenite As(III) into arsenate As(V) using oxygen as oxidant. Other bacteria will make a living using oxygen to oxidize ferrous iron(II) into ferric iron(III). Still others will make a living oxidizing manganese(II) into manganese(IV) using oxygen as oxidant. As the newly formed ferric iron(III) and manganese(IV) precipitate out of solution, they will sequester the arsenate As(V) along with them.
11-05-2024 12:08
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	The arsenic was already there in the soil before anybody drilled a gas well. It was harmless - bound up mainly as arsenate attached to the surface of iron, manganese, and aluminum (hydr)oxide clay minerals. The methane was new to the system, and it changed the state of the arsenic. The methane, leaking from the old gas well, never interacted directly with arsenic. Methane was used by bacteria which oxidized it to get energy. Unfortunately, the best available oxidants were attached to arsenic, as Fe(III) or Mn(IV), or were the arsenic itself, as arsenate or arsenic(V). The bacteria released the arsenic into solution because methane was available in the absence of oxygen. Introducing oxygen into the system would reverse the process to take the arsenic out of solution and put the arsenic back into the solid material where it cannot enter ground water. This is straightforward biogeochemistry, but a person has to study at least a little bit to understand it.
11-05-2024 12:12
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	Rush was a funny guy. He was a local celebrity here before he went national. In the fall of 1998, he cited one of my discoveries on his show. It had just been published in the journal Nature, but it wasn't my big one. He used it as "proof" to support his assertion. Humans are not responsible for eutrophication and fish kills in the reservoir. It's actually Mother Nature's fault. Rush loved it. It was more proof that he had been right all along. Rush was a funny guy. I loved it when he explained how climate change is a hoax. He even had a graph illustrated with cartoons to prove it. Mt. Pinatubo had emitted megatons of sun-blocking aerosols. The earth had cooled for a year. Rush showed us the scientific proof that global warming was a hoax.
11-05-2024 12:14
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	What Rush Limbaugh Said on RECORD! I do not speak for Rush Limbaugh. I do not HAVE TO. He spoke about it just fine for himself. There was buzz in the scientific community about a new article in Nature. Rush didn't provide the volume number or pages, but he named the journal as "Nature". He wanted to play up that is was perhaps in a tie for the world's most prestigious peer-reviewed scientific journal, and the article supported the Rush Limbaugh Paradigm. You see, in those rare cases when they believe that science is on their side, suddenly scientists become credible after all. Like when they correctly measured surface temperatures in the year following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. But ONLY during THAT year

11-05-2024 12:15
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	Clearing deep rooted perennials for pasture - a missed opportunity. I completed my part of the investigation in 1995, but the paper didn't come out until 1998. At least they acknowledged my initial field work. Finding the first nitrogen rich tributary was an accident. Following it upstream for the most nitrogen rich one of all was deliberate. Rattlesnake Creek was unusual. The trees had fine roots branching into the water. Tons of them. The chaparral vegetation had been cleared for pasture in that part of the watershed. The deep rooted perennials had been replaced with shallow rooted annual grasses and shrubs. Human activity had removed the natural mechanism that intercepted the nitrogen released from the weathering bedrock. Without deep roots to pick it up, ammonium released from bedrock was oxidized to nitrate, a highly mobile anion that found its way into subsurface flow and eventually into surface water such as Rattlesnake Creek. There was a reason the eutrophication, hypoxia, and fish kills had not happened in previous decades. Humans hadn't cleared the chaparral yet. But all they really had proof for was that the bedrock was the source of nitrogen getting into the reservoir.
11-05-2024 12:18
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	Wild ideas in science are not always wrong. The first post of this thread (below) was about a surprise discovery that was published in the journal Nature in 1998. It turned out that ammonium contained in bedrock was the source of nitrate entering surface waters to periodically cause eutrophication, hypoxia, and massive fish kills in a northern California reservoir that was a major source of drinking water in the east Bay. The nitrate didn't get picked up by the river until it came down to a very narrow zone of elevation in the area known as the "Mother Lode" during the California Gold rush. Before I came to work with RD a few years before this discovery, he had already published another surprise discovery in the journal Nature about another site where ammonium in bedrock was causing extreme soil acidification in a relatively small area of watershed. When oxygen is present, bacteria oxidize ammonium to nitrite, then others oxidize nitrite to nitric acid (hydrogen nitrate). This nitric acid made a the soil in part of a watershed extremely acidic. That issue of Nature selected this paper as one considered important enough for a separate review article titled "California acid rock". What did the Mother Lode and this other site have in common? They were in the narrow range of altitude in the lower Sierras where the bedrock is comprised of uplifted sea floor sediments that only experienced low grade metamorphism. These sea floor sediments were loaded with the remains of dead microorganisms full of organic carbon and nitrogen. Low grade metamorphism wasn't enough to bake out the nitrogen or squeeze it out, so it remained as ammonium. RD loved to quote his former mentor as saying that to make big advances in science, "You cannot think rationally. You have to think irrationally." You have to set aside the biases of what was assumed to be true. None the textbooks with lists of sources of nitrogen known to enter waters included rocks as a potential suspect. But when the geologic map revealed the very same metasedimentary rock formation underlying both sites, the irrational became the obvious. Reflexive naysayers, even on this very project, insisted it was not possible. They were overruled by the evidence when the chemical analysis of the rocks came back from the lab.
11-05-2024 12:28
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	All the most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning2/3 way down on page 3, continuing on to page 4. Multiple biogeochemistry investigations are described in this thread. "sea lover" is a PhD biogeochemist who identified bedrock nitrogen as the source of high nitrate in stream water, as cited by Rush Limbaugh. The four consecutive posts above this one detail that story. What Rush Limbaugh Cited as Mother Nature's Fault. Reference. 1998. Contribution of bedrock nitrogen to high nitrate in stream water. Nature. 395:785-788. Occasional massive fish kills in a reservoir impacted drinking water quality for nearly a million consumers. Excess nitrogen in the water, in the form of nitrate, was fertilizing algae blooms. As old algae died and decomposed, microorganisms consumed so much oxygen that there wasn't enough left to keep the fish alive. The false accusation was that forest management practices were causing nitrogen to enter the river as runoff. In fact, the source of the nitrogen was bedrock in a very limited area of the watershed. An area precisely where the Mother Lode of California Goldrush fame is located.
11-05-2024 19:07
Into the Night★★★★★ (22820)	sealover wrote: The huge explosion in Pennsylvania brought attention to the legacy of old hydrocarbon wells and what they continue to release. There is no such thing as a 'hydrocarbon well'. sealover wrote: NBC nightly news had a great report on it tonight. Quoting from NBC now? The outfit that writes fiction as 'news'?? sealover wrote: It remains to be confirmed if the explosion was fueled by methane released from one of the abandoned wells in the area. If a well is producing methane, there is no reason to abandon it. sealover wrote: To follow up on the post above this one, the NBC report revealed something that will likely surprise most people. These old oil and gas wells are causing arsenic concentrations in ground water to increase, by orders of magnitude in some cases. Methane is not arsenic. Arsenic is not a hydrocarbon. sealover wrote: The arsenic doesn't come from the petroleum or methane. You just said it did. Which is it, dude? sealover wrote: The hydrocarbons are being used by bacteria under low oxygen conditions. Ah. Back to this crap again. sealover wrote: To oxidize the organic carbon, bacteria use ferric iron as oxidant. Carbon isn't organic. Iron is not oxygen. sealover wrote: Arsenate, a form of arsenic(V), that was bound to the ferric iron gets released into solution. Different bacteria can then use the arsenate, or arsenic(V), as oxidant to get energy Arsenic is not oxygen. sealover wrote: from organic carbon Carbon is not organic. sealover wrote: oxidation in the absence of oxygen, Paradox. Irrational. sealover wrote: reducing it to arsenite, or arsenic(III). Oxygen is not arsenic. sealover wrote: It is easy enough to advise people not to use the water once the problem has been identified. But otherwise, they cannot taste it in the water. Taste what? Your buzzwords? sealover wrote: It is also relatively easy to remedy the problem. What problem? Your buzzwords? sealover wrote: Once the point source origin of the hydrocarbons is located, air can be pumped underground to oxygenate that location. Dangerous. Use water. sealover wrote: The presence of oxygen will bring about the precipitation or adsorption of much of the arsenic in solution. Hydrocarbon is not oxygen. Arsenic is not a hydrocarbon. sealover wrote: The presence of oxygen will also prevent any more solid-phase arsenic from being released into solution via reductive dissolution. You cannot reduce arsenic. sealover wrote: The energy yield for hydrocarbon oxidizing bacteria is much greater using oxygen rather than ferric iron or arsenate as oxidant. Iron is not oxygen. Arsenate is not a chemical. sealover wrote: The iron and arsenic reducing bacteria cannot compete effectively if oxygen is present. The aerobic hydrocarbon oxidizers will win out until the oxygen runs out. Hydrocarbons are not an oxidizer. sealover wrote: Hydrocarbons yield energy when they are oxidized from organic carbon into inorganic carbon, whether in a combustion engine or a bacteria. Carbon isn't organic. sealover wrote: Bacteria of one kind or another will find a way to exploit this resource where they can find it, using one kind of oxidant or another. Iron is not oxygen. Arsenic is not oxygen. Hydrocarbons are not oxygen. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan
11-05-2024 19:16
Into the Night★★★★★ (22820)	sealover wrote: Through biogeochemical interactions, No such thing. sealover wrote: methane leaking from old wells causes arsenic to be released into groundwater. Methane is not arsenic. sealover wrote: Before humans drilled the wells, methane did not come up from underground into groundwater. Methane can be found in most any swamp, compost pile, oil well, fart, or just floating around in the atmosphere. sealover wrote: The arsenic in the soil that contacted the groundwater was almost entirely in the form of arsenate, AsO4(3-), in the oxidized arsenic(V) form. Methane is not arsenic. sealover wrote: Most of that arsenate was bound to the surfaces of iron, manganese, and aluminum (hydr)oxide clay minerals. Unable to dissolve and enter groundwater. Arsenate is not a chemical. sealover wrote: There are many species of bacteria that can oxidize methane under low oxygen conditions. The three kinds of greatest interest are: 1. Iron-reducing, methane oxidizing bacteria. They use ferric iron(III) as oxidant to oxidize methane. The insoluble ferric iron(III) is reduced to the soluble form of ferrous iron(II). Any arsenate attached to the ferric iron (hydr)oxide gets dissolved along with it. Iron is not oxygen. sealover wrote: 2. Manganese-reducing, methane oxidizing bacteria. They use manganese(IV) as oxidant to oxidize methane. The insoluble manganese(IV) gets reduced to the soluble form of manganese(II). Any arsenate attached to the manganese(IV) (hydr)oxide gets dissolved along with it. Manganese is not oxygen. Arsenate is not a chemical. sealover wrote: 3. Arsenic-reducing, methane oxidizing bacteria. They use arsenate arsenic(V) as oxidant to oxidize methane. The relatively insoluble arsenate is reduced to arsenite arsenic(III). Compared to arsenate As(V), arsenite As(III) is much less likely to precipitate out or adsorb to Al, Fe, and Mn (hydr)oxide clay surfaces. You cannot reduce arsenic. Aluminum is not clay. Iron is not clay. Manganese is not clay. sealover wrote: So the old well leaks methane into a zone where it was not present before. Methane can be found in the atmosphere, dude. sealover wrote: Whatever oxygen may have been present is soon exhausted by aerobic methane oxidizing bacteria. These bacteria use oxygen gas as oxidant to oxidize methane. My furnace can do that. So? sealover wrote: Once low oxygen conditions are created, bacteria that use ferric iron(III), manganese(IV), or arsenate arsenic(V) as oxidants will have the competitive advantage to exploit the available methane. Iron is not oxygen. Manganese is not oxygen. Arsenic is not oxygen. There is no such chemical as arsenate arsenic. Stop spamming. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan
11-05-2024 19:19
Into the Night★★★★★ (22820)	sealover wrote: Rush showed us the scientific proof that global warming was a hoax. Science has no proofs. You, like other believers in the Church of Global Warming, ignore theories of science. You also ignore mathematics. In your case, you also think meaningless buzzwords is 'chemistry'. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan
11-05-2024 19:21
Into the Night★★★★★ (22820)	sealover wrote: I do not speak for Rush Limbaugh. Blatant lie. You cannot speak for the dead. sealover wrote: There was buzz in the scientific community about a new article in Nature. Rush didn't provide the volume number or pages, but he named the journal as "Nature". He wanted to play up that is was perhaps in a tie for the world's most prestigious peer-reviewed scientific journal, and the article supported the Rush Limbaugh Paradigm. Science is not a journal or magazine. sealover wrote: You see, in those rare cases when they believe that science is on their side, suddenly scientists become credible after all. Science has no 'sides'. Science is not scientists. sealover wrote: Like when they correctly measured surface temperatures in the year following the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. But ONLY during THAT year It is not possible to measure the temperature of the Earth. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan
11-05-2024 19:29
Into the Night★★★★★ (22820)	sealover wrote: Clearing deep rooted perennials for pasture... Nitrogen is not a tributary. Ammonium is not a chemical. Nitrate is not a chemical. Ammonium nitrate is a chemical. It is not an anion. It is an oxidizer (a lousy one, since it's hygroscopic). Ammonium nitrate is not nitrogen. Stop spamming. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan
11-05-2024 19:30
Into the Night★★★★★ (22820)	sealover wrote: Wild ideas in science are not always wrong. Stop spamming. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan
11-05-2024 19:31
Into the Night★★★★★ (22820)	sealover wrote: Occasional massive fish kills ... Stop spamming. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan

13-05-2024 19:53
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	All the most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning2/3 way down on page 3, continuing on to page 4. Multiple biogeochemistry investigations are described in this thread. "sea lover" is a PhD biogeochemist who identified bedrock nitrogen as the source of high nitrate in stream water, as cited by Rush Limbaugh. The four consecutive posts above this one (right above the "stop spamming" post) detail that story. What Rush Limbaugh Cited as Mother Nature's Fault. Reference. 1998. Contribution of bedrock nitrogen to high nitrate in stream water. Nature. 395:785-788. Occasional massive fish kills in a reservoir impacted drinking water quality for nearly a million consumers. Excess nitrogen in the water, in the form of nitrate, was fertilizing algae blooms. As old algae died and decomposed, microorganisms consumed so much oxygen that there wasn't enough left to keep the fish alive. The false accusation was that forest management practices were causing nitrogen to enter the river as runoff. In fact, the source of the nitrogen was bedrock in a very limited area of the watershed. An area precisely where the Mother Lode of California Goldrush fame is located.
13-05-2024 21:34
Into the Night★★★★★ (22820)	Repetition fallacy. Stop spamming.
18-05-2024 11:42
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	All the most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning2/3 way down on page 3, continuing on to page 4. Multiple biogeochemistry investigations are described in this thread. "sea lover" is a PhD biogeochemist who identified bedrock nitrogen as the source of high nitrate in stream water, as cited by Rush Limbaugh. The four consecutive posts above this one (right above the "stop spamming" post) detail that story. What Rush Limbaugh Cited as Mother Nature's Fault. Reference. 1998. Contribution of bedrock nitrogen to high nitrate in stream water. Nature. 395:785-788. Occasional massive fish kills in a reservoir impacted drinking water quality for nearly a million consumers. Excess nitrogen in the water, in the form of nitrate, was fertilizing algae blooms. As old algae died and decomposed, microorganisms consumed so much oxygen that there wasn't enough left to keep the fish alive. The false accusation was that forest management practices were causing nitrogen to enter the river as runoff. In fact, the source of the nitrogen was bedrock in a very limited area of the watershed. An area precisely where the Mother Lode of California Goldrush fame is located. Relevant posts of thread are compiled, beginning 2/3 way down page 3
18-05-2024 23:59
Into the Night★★★★★ (22820)	Stop spamming.
24-05-2024 19:47
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	All the most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning2/3 way down on page 3, continuing on to page 4. Multiple biogeochemistry investigations are described in this thread. "sea lover" is a PhD biogeochemist who identified bedrock nitrogen as the source of high nitrate in stream water, as cited by Rush Limbaugh. The four consecutive posts above this one (right above the "stop spamming" post) detail that story. What Rush Limbaugh Cited as Mother Nature's Fault. Reference. 1998. Contribution of bedrock nitrogen to high nitrate in stream water. Nature. 395:785-788. Occasional massive fish kills in a reservoir impacted drinking water quality for nearly a million consumers. Excess nitrogen in the water, in the form of nitrate, was fertilizing algae blooms. As old algae died and decomposed, microorganisms consumed so much oxygen that there wasn't enough left to keep the fish alive. The false accusation was that forest management practices were causing nitrogen to enter the river as runoff. In fact, the source of the nitrogen was bedrock in a very limited area of the watershed. An area precisely where the Mother Lode of California Goldrush fame is located. Relevant posts of thread are compiled, beginning 2/3 way down page 3 SEE 5 OTHER THREADS ABOUT BIOGEOCHEMSITRY AND GLOBAL CHANGE
24-05-2024 22:39
Into the Night★★★★★ (22820)	Stop spamming.
24-11-2024 19:52
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	Wild ideas in science are not always wrong. The first post of this thread (below) was about a surprise discovery that was published in the journal Nature in 1998. It turned out that ammonium contained in bedrock was the source of nitrate entering surface waters to periodically cause eutrophication, hypoxia, and massive fish kills in a northern California reservoir that was a major source of drinking water in the east Bay. The nitrate didn't get picked up by the river until it came down to a very narrow zone of elevation in the area known as the "Mother Lode" during the California Gold rush. Before I came to work with RD a few years before this discovery, he had already published another surprise discovery in the journal Nature about another site where ammonium in bedrock was causing extreme soil acidification in a relatively small area of watershed. When oxygen is present, bacteria oxidize ammonium to nitrite, then others oxidize nitrite to nitric acid (hydrogen nitrate). This nitric acid made a the soil in part of a watershed extremely acidic. That issue of Nature selected this paper as one considered important enough for a separate review article titled "California acid rock". What did the Mother Lode and this other site have in common? They were in the narrow range of altitude in the lower Sierras where the bedrock is comprised of uplifted sea floor sediments that only experienced low grade metamorphism. These sea floor sediments were loaded with the remains of dead microorganisms full of organic carbon and nitrogen. Low grade metamorphism wasn't enough to bake out the nitrogen or squeeze it out, so it remained as ammonium. RD loved to quote his former mentor as saying that to make big advances in science, "You cannot think rationally. You have to think irrationally." You have to set aside the biases of what was assumed to be true. None the textbooks with lists of sources of nitrogen known to enter waters included rocks as a potential suspect. But when the geologic map revealed the very same metasedimentary rock formation underlying both sites, the irrational became the obvious. Reflexive naysayers, even on this very project, insisted it was not possible. They were overruled by the evidence when the chemical analysis of the rocks came back from the lab.
24-11-2024 19:54
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	Rush Limbaugh loved that we showed humans were being falsely accused of causing eutrophication, hypoxia, and occasional massive fish kills in a reservoir. But sometimes humans try to blame Mother Nature when it's really our fault. It doesn't help if an overzealous biogeochemist wants to make their career being the first to show "natural" hexavalent chromium in any groundwater outside of a desert. Trust me, it wasn't me. My part was ten years earlier. My job was to use Gamma Spec and Beta Scint to measure radium and strontium 90. And to use x-ray fluorescence to measure lead, mercury, and chromium. These particular samples didn't come from the radioactive zone. They were from the leaching field by the old septic tank. They showed very high chromium. But chromium wasn't an issue. No hexavalent Cr had ever been found in any groundwater samples. I dutifully reported the numbers. Even took it upon myself to get additional samples from inside the old septic tank and from the leaching field area. x-ray fluoresesclej... I can't even spell today. XRF showed chromium more than ten times higher in those samples than anywhere else on the site. x-ray fluorescence is a rapid convenient tool, but it can only see the very surface of soil particles. It picks up atoms in surface coatings on soil particles, but can't see inside the crystal lattice of a rock mineral. I dutifully reported my findings. A higher up looked into it. Well, the soil in this area is naturally rich in chromium. In fact, if the most extreme digestion procedure is used to extract every last atom of chromium, the numbers were similar to what I was getting with XRF. But XRF doesn't extract every atom. That's why all the other samples showed chromium only a tenth as high. Even though an extreme digestion would have been able to get the same ten times higher number in all. It was over my head. Nothing to chase here. Besides, there's never been an issue with chromium at the site. They were only testing it because they had to. Nothing to see here. Don't worry your pretty little head about it. The XRF was able to see the anthropogenic chromium because it had deposited as the uppermost layer in coatings on soil surfaces. Ten years later, they finally got their hexavalent chromium in groundwater problem. And it kept getting worse. And another scientist thought this was so cool because he could prove that naturally occurring hexavalent chromium was being found for the first time in an environment not at the margins of a desert. And they stuck to their guns. And they "remediated" with calcium polysulfide. Temporary reduction in hex chrome as the powerful reductant Ca polysulfide turned it back into chromium(III). The reductant also turned a bunch of Mn(IV) back into Mn(II). When aerobic conditions were reestablished, the Mn(II) oxidized back to Mn(IV). Some by product Mn(VII), a very powerful oxidant, then oxidized some of the chromium(III) to hexavalent chromium. Now the groundwater hex chrome was even higher than before they "fixed" it. But it was "natural". So don't bother checking back up the subsurface flow path from that old septic system. We know it wasn't anthropogenic. We'll just have to do some more environmental chemotherapy with polysulfide.
24-11-2024 20:02
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	"I recommend you go back to testifying in court about well-water arsenic and such." - IBdaMann Government environmental regulators mandated "pH adjustment" of a very large volume of dredged sediments that had been exposed to oxidation in a storage area. This environmental chemotherapy was required because a scientifically illiterate individual believed they were "toxic". After all, the sediments were strongly acidic. The pH was often as low as 4. They must be toxic, right? They needed to be detoxified. Beet lime, a highly soluble form of calcium carbon was applied liberally. The liming requirements were enormous. The target pH had to be at least 6.5. The solubility of soil organic matter is highly pH dependent - more soluble at higher pH. Liming released a whole lot of soil organic matter into soluble form. When the organic-carbon rich soil solution leached down into the low oxygen zone, the giant dose of organic carbon started a feeding frenzy. Reductive dissolution of ferric-iron-bound arsenic by bacteria that consumed that organic carbon caused groundwater arsenic to increase 500%. And the paranoid regulator thought the landowner illegally dumped arsenic herbicide and would have to be taken to the cleaners to clean it up. Through an agonizing process, regulators were finally persuaded that there was no liability. Perhaps the fact that they were the ones who mandated the environmental chemotherapy had something to do with it. But nobody wanted to talk about groundwater arsenic after that. As part of an unbelievably expensive required investigation, more than 300 monitoring wells were installed and sampled for regular testing throughout a sub sea level (leveed off) delta island. An enormous data set had already been collected, reports had been filed, and the regulators were satisfied that all was well. That was all before I got there. The people who prepared the reports excluded virtually all the data from the wells with highest arsenic. Statisticians saw way too much variability within those wells and followed the official method for excluding the data based on its high variability. That's seasonal variability for you. So, buried deep in the appendix of the report was the complete original data set showing the exceptionally high arsenic. But none of that got into the main body of the report. Years later, the botched "pH adjustment" brought arsenic to attention. We had an incredible data set I could have published, just from the report for bureaucratic paperwork. The correlation between dissolved organic carbon and arsenic was highly significant. Nobody ever published that before. It was a chance to make an important contribution to science, with implications for environmental management and public health. I didn't even have to go to the field or lab. All the data, methodology, etc. was already handed complete on a silver platter. But it would have revealed too many controversial issues. Nobody wanted that data or those findings to see the light of day in a scientific journal. When my report was finally filed as a Technical Memorandum, it was years after the dust had settled. Even then a NEW paranoid regulator was sure that this was a major scandal. Just getting official approval for the Technical Memorandum was going to be over his dead body. He looked everywhere for evidence of the conspiracy and cover up and finally had to be overruled. By then, biogeochemical discovery had gone stale. Others beat me to the punch publishing the correlation between dissolved organic carbon and arsenic. This is highly relevant to public health in delta regions of South Asia and Southeast Asia, where millions of people were exposed to high arsenic well water after shallow tube wells were installed, beginning in the 1970s. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 2/3 way down on page 3
25-11-2024 04:01
sealover ★★★★☆ (1771)	"I recommend you go back to testifying in court about well-water arsenic and such." - IBdaMann Rush Limbaugh cited my discovery when it was published in the journal NATURE in the fall of 198. He loved it because it showed a NATURAL source of "pollution", with geologic nitrogen causing overfertilization and occasional massive fish kills in river reservoirs. Rush would have loved this arsenic story for the same reason. And it showed how paranoid environmental regulators want to blame EVERYTHING on human activity, when there are perfectly natural sources of groundwater arsenic. Government environmental regulators mandated "pH adjustment" of a very large volume of dredged sediments that had been exposed to oxidation in a storage area. This environmental chemotherapy was required because a scientifically illiterate individual believed they were "toxic". After all, the sediments were strongly acidic. The pH was often as low as 4. They must be toxic, right? They needed to be detoxified. Beet lime, a highly soluble form of calcium carbon was applied liberally. The liming requirements were enormous. The target pH had to be at least 6.5. The solubility of soil organic matter is highly pH dependent - more soluble at higher pH. Liming released a whole lot of soil organic matter into soluble form. When the organic-carbon rich soil solution leached down into the low oxygen zone, the giant dose of organic carbon started a feeding frenzy. Reductive dissolution of ferric-iron-bound arsenic by bacteria that consumed that organic carbon caused groundwater arsenic to increase 500%. And the paranoid regulator thought the landowner illegally dumped arsenic herbicide and would have to be taken to the cleaners to clean it up. Through an agonizing process, regulators were finally persuaded that there was no liability. Perhaps the fact that they were the ones who mandated the environmental chemotherapy had something to do with it. But nobody wanted to talk about groundwater arsenic after that. As part of an unbelievably expensive required investigation, more than 300 monitoring wells were installed and sampled for regular testing throughout a sub sea level (leveed off) delta island. An enormous data set had already been collected, reports had been filed, and the regulators were satisfied that all was well. That was all before I got there. The people who prepared the reports excluded virtually all the data from the wells with highest arsenic. Statisticians saw way too much variability within those wells and followed the official method for excluding the data based on its high variability. That's seasonal variability for you. So, buried deep in the appendix of the report was the complete original data set showing the exceptionally high arsenic. But none of that got into the main body of the report. Years later, the botched "pH adjustment" brought arsenic to attention. We had an incredible data set I could have published, just from the report for bureaucratic paperwork. The correlation between dissolved organic carbon and arsenic was highly significant. Nobody ever published that before. It was a chance to make an important contribution to science, with implications for environmental management and public health. I didn't even have to go to the field or lab. All the data, methodology, etc. was already handed complete on a silver platter. But it would have revealed too many controversial issues. Nobody wanted that data or those findings to see the light of day in a scientific journal. When my report was finally filed as a Technical Memorandum, it was years after the dust had settled. Even then a NEW paranoid regulator was sure that this was a major scandal. Just getting official approval for the Technical Memorandum was going to be over his dead body. He looked everywhere for evidence of the conspiracy and cover up and finally had to be overruled. By then, biogeochemical discovery had gone stale. Others beat me to the punch publishing the correlation between dissolved organic carbon and arsenic. This is highly relevant to public health in delta regions of South Asia and Southeast Asia, where millions of people were exposed to high arsenic well water after shallow tube wells were installed, beginning in the 1970s. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 2/3 way down on page 3
25-11-2024 22:13
Into the Night★★★★★ (22820)	sealover wrote: Government environmental regulators mandated "pH adjustment" of a very large volume of dredged sediments that had been exposed to oxidation in a storage area. This environmental chemotherapy was required because a scientifically illiterate individual believed they were "toxic". There is no such thing as 'environmental chemotherapy'. sealover wrote: When the organic-carbon rich soil solution leached down into the low oxygen zone, the giant dose of organic carbon started a feeding frenzy. Carbon is not organic. sealover wrote: Nobody wanted that data or those findings to see the light of day in a scientific journal. Science is not a journal or magazine. sealover wrote: By then, biogeochemical discovery had gone stale. There is no such thing as 'biogeochemical'. Buzzword fallacy. sealover wrote: Others beat me to the punch publishing the correlation between dissolved organic carbon and arsenic. Carbon is not organic. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan
27-11-2024 01:43
Im a BM ★★★★☆ (1614)	<--- Click on "sealover" (to the left of the arrow) It will open the "sealover" profile page. The "Last 10 posts:" shows ten biogeochemistry-related threads. Any of them can be opened with a click. --------------------------------------------------------------------- "I recommend you go back to testifying in court about well-water arsenic and such." - IBdaMann Rush Limbaugh cited my discovery when it was published in the journal NATURE in the fall of 198. He loved it because it showed a NATURAL source of "pollution", with geologic nitrogen causing overfertilization and occasional massive fish kills in river reservoirs. Rush would have loved this arsenic story for the same reason. And it showed how paranoid environmental regulators want to blame EVERYTHING on human activity, when there are perfectly natural sources of groundwater arsenic. Government environmental regulators mandated "pH adjustment" of a very large volume of dredged sediments that had been exposed to oxidation in a storage area. This environmental chemotherapy was required because a scientifically illiterate individual believed they were "toxic". After all, the sediments were strongly acidic. The pH was often as low as 4. They must be toxic, right? They needed to be detoxified. Beet lime, a highly soluble form of calcium carbon was applied liberally. The liming requirements were enormous. The target pH had to be at least 6.5. The solubility of soil organic matter is highly pH dependent - more soluble at higher pH. Liming released a whole lot of soil organic matter into soluble form. When the organic-carbon rich soil solution leached down into the low oxygen zone, the giant dose of organic carbon started a feeding frenzy. Reductive dissolution of ferric-iron-bound arsenic by bacteria that consumed that organic carbon caused groundwater arsenic to increase 500%. And the paranoid regulator thought the landowner illegally dumped arsenic herbicide and would have to be taken to the cleaners to clean it up. Through an agonizing process, regulators were finally persuaded that there was no liability. Perhaps the fact that they were the ones who mandated the environmental chemotherapy had something to do with it. But nobody wanted to talk about groundwater arsenic after that. As part of an unbelievably expensive required investigation, more than 300 monitoring wells were installed and sampled for regular testing throughout a sub sea level (leveed off) delta island. An enormous data set had already been collected, reports had been filed, and the regulators were satisfied that all was well. That was all before I got there. The people who prepared the reports excluded virtually all the data from the wells with highest arsenic. Statisticians saw way too much variability within those wells and followed the official method for excluding the data based on its high variability. That's seasonal variability for you. So, buried deep in the appendix of the report was the complete original data set showing the exceptionally high arsenic. But none of that got into the main body of the report. Years later, the botched "pH adjustment" brought arsenic to attention. We had an incredible data set I could have published, just from the report for bureaucratic paperwork. The correlation between dissolved organic carbon and arsenic was highly significant. Nobody ever published that before. It was a chance to make an important contribution to science, with implications for environmental management and public health. I didn't even have to go to the field or lab. All the data, methodology, etc. was already handed complete on a silver platter. But it would have revealed too many controversial issues. Nobody wanted that data or those findings to see the light of day in a scientific journal. When my report was finally filed as a Technical Memorandum, it was years after the dust had settled. Even then a NEW paranoid regulator was sure that this was a major scandal. Just getting official approval for the Technical Memorandum was going to be over his dead body. He looked everywhere for evidence of the conspiracy and cover up and finally had to be overruled. By then, biogeochemical discovery had gone stale. Others beat me to the punch publishing the correlation between dissolved organic carbon and arsenic. This is highly relevant to public health in delta regions of South Asia and Southeast Asia, where millions of people were exposed to high arsenic well water after shallow tube wells were installed, beginning in the 1970s. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 2/3 way down on page 3
27-11-2024 03:53
Into the Night★★★★★ (22820)	Im a BM wrote: <--- Click on "sealover" (to the left of the arrow) ...deleted spam... Stop spamming. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan
07-12-2024 21:23
Im a BM ★★★★☆ (1614)	<--- Click on "sealover" (to the left of the arrow) It will open the "sealover" profile page. The "Last 10 posts:" shows ten biogeochemistry-related threads. Any of them can be opened with a click. The first post on page 1 of this thread is by "sealover" to open profile page. --------------------------------------------------------------------- "I recommend you go back to testifying in court about well-water arsenic and such." - IBdaMann Rush Limbaugh cited my discovery when it was published in the journal NATURE in the fall of 198. He loved it because it showed a NATURAL source of "pollution", with geologic nitrogen causing overfertilization and occasional massive fish kills in river reservoirs. Rush would have loved this arsenic story for the same reason. And it showed how paranoid environmental regulators want to blame EVERYTHING on human activity, when there are perfectly natural sources of groundwater arsenic. Government environmental regulators mandated "pH adjustment" of a very large volume of dredged sediments that had been exposed to oxidation in a storage area. This environmental chemotherapy was required because a scientifically illiterate individual believed they were "toxic". After all, the sediments were strongly acidic. The pH was often as low as 4. They must be toxic, right? They needed to be detoxified. Beet lime, a highly soluble form of calcium carbon was applied liberally. The liming requirements were enormous. The target pH had to be at least 6.5. The solubility of soil organic matter is highly pH dependent - more soluble at higher pH. Liming released a whole lot of soil organic matter into soluble form. When the organic-carbon rich soil solution leached down into the low oxygen zone, the giant dose of organic carbon started a feeding frenzy. Reductive dissolution of ferric-iron-bound arsenic by bacteria that consumed that organic carbon caused groundwater arsenic to increase 500%. And the paranoid regulator thought the landowner illegally dumped arsenic herbicide and would have to be taken to the cleaners to clean it up. Through an agonizing process, regulators were finally persuaded that there was no liability. Perhaps the fact that they were the ones who mandated the environmental chemotherapy had something to do with it. But nobody wanted to talk about groundwater arsenic after that. As part of an unbelievably expensive required investigation, more than 300 monitoring wells were installed and sampled for regular testing throughout a sub sea level (leveed off) delta island. An enormous data set had already been collected, reports had been filed, and the regulators were satisfied that all was well. That was all before I got there. The people who prepared the reports excluded virtually all the data from the wells with highest arsenic. Statisticians saw way too much variability within those wells and followed the official method for excluding the data based on its high variability. That's seasonal variability for you. So, buried deep in the appendix of the report was the complete original data set showing the exceptionally high arsenic. But none of that got into the main body of the report. Years later, the botched "pH adjustment" brought arsenic to attention. We had an incredible data set I could have published, just from the report for bureaucratic paperwork. The correlation between dissolved organic carbon and arsenic was highly significant. Nobody ever published that before. It was a chance to make an important contribution to science, with implications for environmental management and public health. I didn't even have to go to the field or lab. All the data, methodology, etc. was already handed complete on a silver platter. But it would have revealed too many controversial issues. Nobody wanted that data or those findings to see the light of day in a scientific journal. When my report was finally filed as a Technical Memorandum, it was years after the dust had settled. Even then a NEW paranoid regulator was sure that this was a major scandal. Just getting official approval for the Technical Memorandum was going to be over his dead body. He looked everywhere for evidence of the conspiracy and cover up and finally had to be overruled. By then, biogeochemical discovery had gone stale. Others beat me to the punch publishing the correlation between dissolved organic carbon and arsenic. This is highly relevant to public health in delta regions of South Asia and Southeast Asia, where millions of people were exposed to high arsenic well water after shallow tube wells were installed, beginning in the 1970s. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 2/3 way down on page 3
08-12-2024 02:04
Im a BM ★★★★☆ (1614)	<--- Click on "sealover" (to the left of the arrow) It will open the "sealover" profile page. The "Last 10 posts:" shows ten biogeochemistry-related threads. Any of them can be opened with a click. The first post on page 1 of this thread is by "sealover" to open profile page. --------------------------------------------------------------------- "I recommend you go back to testifying in court about well-water arsenic and such." - IBdaMann Rush Limbaugh cited my discovery when it was published in the journal NATURE in the fall of 1998. He loved it because it showed a NATURAL source of "pollution", with geologic nitrogen released from bedrock causing overfertilization and occasional massive fish kills in river reservoirs. Rush would have loved this arsenic story for the very same reason. And it showed, again, how paranoid environmental regulators want to blame EVERYTHING on human activity, when there are perfectly natural sources of "pollution". How I got involved: Government environmental regulators mandated "pH adjustment" of a very, very large volume of dredged sediments that had been exposed to oxidation in a vast storage area. This environmental chemotherapy was required because a scientifically illiterate individual with government authority believed the sediments were "toxic". After all, the sediments were strongly acidic. The pH was often as low as 4. They must be toxic, right? There was even an extraction test that could be done with metal-chelating agents, the pH 5.0 citrate buffer "WET" test, and it showed TOXIC METALS could be extracted from those ACIDIC dredge spoils. They needed to be detoxified. Chemicals would have to be applied on a large scale to bring the pH up to somewhere between 6.5 and 7.5. Neutral is good. Beet lime, a highly soluble form of calcium carbonate was applied liberally. The liming requirements were enormous. The target pH had to be at least 6.5. The solubility of soil organic matter is highly pH dependent - much more soluble at higher pH. Liming the dredge spoils with beet lime released a WHOLE lot of soil organic matter into soluble form. When the organic-carbon rich soil solution leached down into the lower soil zone, the giant dose of organic carbon started a feeding frenzy. For a brief moment there was enough oxygen to satisfy the needs of the voracious microbial biomass as they metabolized the abundant and easily digested organic carbon from the previous season's dead biomass. But the oxygen ran out real fast, and microorganisms resorted to using other oxidants to take advantage of the feast. The most profitable exploitation could be done using nitrate ion (NO3-) as the terminal electron acceptor (oxidant) to oxidize organic carbon. The least profitable exploitation would be to use sulfate ion (SO4--) as oxidant, but sulfate was available in abundance. In the midrange were many other niches. Iron and manganese reducers could use ferric iron(III), Fe3+, or manganese(IV), Mn4+ as oxidant for moderate profit from the oxidation of organic carbon. And there were all the oxyanions such as phosphate, arsenate, molybdate, selenate, borate... and the list goes on. Every one of them had some bacteria that was adapted to use it as oxidant to exploit organic carbon under low oxygen condition. In the case of arsenic, low oxygen conditions and abundant organic carbon can enable bacteria to mobilize it from benign solid material into dissolved poison. Arsenic reducing bacteria transform the solid arsenic(V) arsenate, AsO4(3-), into highly soluble arsenic(III) arsenite, AsO3(3-). However, the main culprits in this story were IRON reducers, not arsenic reducing bacteria. Most of the arsenate in the dredge spoils was tightly bound to ferric iron(III) oxyhydroxides. Arsenic reducing bacteria couldn't touch it until iron reducing bacteria had dissolved the ferric iron to which the arsenic was attached. Reductive dissolution of ferric-iron-bound arsenic by iron reducing bacteria consuming the organic carbon under low oxygen conditions caused groundwater arsenic to increase 500% after the dredge spoils had their pH "adjusted" with beet lime. And the paranoid regulator thought the landowner illegally dumped arsenic herbicide and would have to be taken to the cleaners to clean it up. Through an agonizing process, regulators were finally persuaded that there was no liability. Perhaps the fact that they were the ones who mandated the environmental chemotherapy had something to do with it. But nobody wanted to talk about groundwater arsenic after that. As part of an unbelievably expensive required investigation for a military base closure, more than 300 monitoring wells were installed and sampled for regular testing throughout a sub sea level (leveed off) delta island. An enormous data set had already been collected, reports had been filed, and the regulators were satisfied that all was well. That was all before I got there. The people who prepared the reports excluded virtually all the data from the wells with highest arsenic. Statisticians saw way too much variability within those wells and followed the official method for excluding the data based on its high variability. That's seasonal variability for you. So, buried deep in the appendix of the report was the complete original data set showing the exceptionally high arsenic. But none of that got into the main body of the report. Years later, the botched "pH adjustment" of the dredge spoils brought arsenic back into the spotlight again, demanding attention. We had an incredible data set I could have published, just from the report for bureaucratic paperwork. The correlation between dissolved organic carbon and arsenic was highly significant. Nobody ever published that before. It was a chance to make an important contribution to science, with implications for environmental management and public health. I didn't even have to go to the field or lab. All the data, methodology, etc. was already handed complete on a silver platter. But it would have revealed too many controversial issues. Nobody wanted that data or those findings to see the light of day in a scientific journal. When my report was finally filed as a Technical Memorandum, it was years after the dust had settled. Even then a NEW paranoid regulator was sure that this was a major scandal. Just getting official approval for the Technical Memorandum was going to be over his dead body. He looked everywhere for evidence of the conspiracy and cover up and finally had to be overruled. By then, biogeochemical discovery had gone stale. Others beat me to the punch publishing the correlation between dissolved organic carbon and arsenic. This is highly relevant to public health in delta regions of South Asia and Southeast Asia, where millions of people were exposed to high arsenic well water after shallow tube wells were installed, beginning in the 1970s. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 2/3 way down on page 3 Edited on 08-12-2024 02:27

09-12-2024 20:05
Into the Night★★★★★ (22820)	Im a BM wrote: Rush Limbaugh cited my discovery when it was published in the journal NATURE in the fall of 1998. He loved it because it showed a NATURAL source of "pollution", with geologic nitrogen released from bedrock causing overfertilization and occasional massive fish kills in river reservoirs. Nitrogen is not pollution. It is a naturally occurring gas in the atmosphere. Im a BM wrote: Government environmental regulators mandated "pH adjustment" You don't understand pH. Im a BM wrote: of a very, very large volume of dredged sediments that had been exposed to oxidation in a vast storage area. This environmental chemotherapy was required because a scientifically illiterate individual with government authority believed the sediments were "toxic". There is no such thing as 'environmental chemotherapy'. Buzzword fallacy. Im a BM wrote: After all, the sediments were strongly acidic. The pH was often as low as 4. They must be toxic, right? There was even an extraction test that could be done with metal-chelating agents, the pH 5.0 citrate buffer "WET" test, and it showed TOXIC METALS could be extracted from those ACIDIC dredge spoils. Metal isn't toxic. People handle metals every day with their bare hands. They drink and use water from metal pipes. Im a BM wrote: When the organic-carbon rich soil solution leached down into the lower soil zone, the giant dose of organic carbon started a feeding frenzy. Carbon is not organic. Im a BM wrote: For a brief moment there was enough oxygen to satisfy the needs of the voracious microbial biomass as they metabolized the abundant and easily digested organic carbon from the previous season's dead biomass. Carbon is not organic. Im a BM wrote: But the oxygen ran out real fast, and microorganisms resorted to using other oxidants to take advantage of the feast. The most profitable exploitation could be done using nitrate ion (NO3-) as the terminal electron acceptor (oxidant) to oxidize organic carbon. The least profitable exploitation would be to use sulfate ion (SO4--) as oxidant, but sulfate was available in abundance. Nitrate is not a chemical. Sulfate is not a chemical. Carbon is not organic. Im a BM wrote: In the midrange were many other niches. Iron and manganese reducers could use ferric iron(III), Fe3+, or manganese(IV), Mn4+ as oxidant for moderate profit from the oxidation of organic carbon. Iron is not oxygen. Manganese is not oxygen. Carbon is not organic. Im a BM wrote: And there were all the oxyanions such as phosphate, arsenate, molybdate, selenate, borate... and the list goes on. Every one of them had some bacteria that was adapted to use it as oxidant to exploit organic carbon under low oxygen condition. phosphate is not a chemical. Arsenate is not a chemical. Molybdate is not a chemical. Selenate is not a chemical. Borate is not a chemical. Carbon is not organic. Im a BM wrote: In the case of arsenic, low oxygen conditions and abundant organic carbon can enable bacteria to mobilize it from benign solid material into dissolved poison. Arsenic reducing bacteria transform the solid arsenic(V) arsenate, AsO4(3-), into highly soluble arsenic(III) arsenite, AsO3(3-). Carbon is not organic. Oxygen is in the atmosphere. Arsenate is not a chemical. Arsenite is not a chemical. Stop pretending to be a chemist. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan

Page 4 of 4

Join the debate Rush Limbaugh cited one of my discoveries on his show:

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