Paleobiogeochemistry, Anoxygenic Photosynthesis, and Banded Iron Formations
| 05-05-2025 07:21 | |
Into the Night ★★★★★(23155) |
Stop spamming. |
| 26-06-2025 18:06 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1902) |
Perhaps you would prefer to discuss climate change and the wisdom of Trump's related policies and actions? I didn't think so. Paleobiogeochemistry, Anoxygenic Photosynthesis, and Banded Iron Formations Topic is discussed on pages 5-6 of the "Terraforming: Is it possible" thread Back to the basics. How did photosynthesis even get started? Photosynthesis today allows plants to use solar energy to make food from scratch. Photosynthesis started because the plants needed a tiny bit of solar energy to help them eat the food that was already all around them. Hydrogen gas, an energy rich reductant, was plentiful. But there was no way to take advantage of it. There were very few terminal electron acceptors in the environment. Where hydrogen gets introduced into natural waters today, there is a long list of terminal electron acceptors (i.e. oxidants) in the environment that organisms could use to oxidize it and derive metabolic energy. For purposes of discussing the evolution of photosynthesis, the five terminal electron acceptors of greatest interest are oxygen, O2, nitrate NO3-, ferric iron(III), arsenic(V) arsenate, and sulfate SO4(2-) If ANY of these five terminal electron acceptors had been present in the water at the time, the first photosynthetic bacteria would have never messed around with solar power. It just needed some way to oxidize the hydrogen. There were no chemical oxidants to use, so he resorted to photooxidation. Intracellular photooxidation. Manganese photooxidizes much more readily than most other elements. There was no ozone layer to hold back the UV in those days, and low end UV photooxidizes manganese(II) to manganese(IV). Manganese(IV) can be used as terminal electron acceptor to oxidize the free hydrogen to get energy. Scrounging up a bit of photooxidized manganese here and there was an option. Indeed, photooxidation of things like manganese was about the ONLY source of rare terminal electron acceptors in that environment. But it was only good for one time use. One oxidized manganese atom wasn't going to help you oxidize more than one molecule of hydrogen. But what if you take that manganese atom inside and recycle it. Move your body into the UV light so you can reoxidize that manganese atom over and over using sunlight for intracellular photooxidation. With each hydrogen oxidized, the manganese is reduced back to manganese(II). With each act of intracellular UV photooxidation, that manganese(II) could be oxidized back to manganese(IV). They didn't need many joules of energy from the sun. Just a little spark really, to set off an exothermic oxidation of a energy rich reductant. They just wanted the tiniest bit of solar energy to help them eat the free lunch nature provided. But the low end UV that photooxidizes manganese doesn't penetrate too deep in the water. If the proto photosynthetic bacteria wanted to exploit the free lunch in the deeper water, they were going to have to expand the range of frequencies of light that their photosystems could use for photooxidation. Just to get that tiny spark of solar energy, they would need to be able to use blue or even red light. We are half way to true photosynthesis. These guys are still just trying to exploit the free food all around them. They aren't really using the solar energy to make their own food from scratch. Yet. |
| 15-09-2025 22:39 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1902) |
I wish Hans Jenny were still alive so I could share this with him. It is kind of like "state factors" of soil formation applied to banded iron formation. What is actually NEW and DIFFERENT about this model for the genesis of banded iron formations? The INTRACELLULAR PHOTOOXIDATION hypothesis as the explanation for the origin of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes in reductants from the environment and, via intracellular photooxidation, generates oxidized waste products - oxygen, nitrate, ferric iron(III), arsenic(V) arsenate, sulfate, or water. It originally evolved as a way to the exploit energy rich reductant, hydrogen, readily available from the environment. And to do so despite the scarcity of terminal electron acceptors (oxidants) available in the water. The EXPANDING PHOTOSYSTEM OXIDATION CAPACITY hypothesis as the explanation for how anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria were able to exploit reductants WEAKER than hydrogen, readily available in the environment The first photosynthetic bacteria exploited the energy from hydrogen available in the environment by employing intracellular photooxidation. An atom such as manganese could be photooxidized within the cell, from manganese(II) to manganese(IV). Manganese(IV) acts as terminal electron acceptor to oxidize the hydrogen and become manganese(II) again. Photooxidize and repeat. The first photosystem employed low end ultraviolet light using only the most rudimentary light harvesting apparatus. Low end UV could not penetrate very deeply into the hydrogen rich water. To exploit the hydrogen beyond the shallowest water, the light harvesting apparatus expanded to be able to use light of longer wavelenths for intracellular photooxidation. Blue light and even red light. The same expansion photosystem oxidation capacity to use high energy reductant in low light would eventually make it possible to exploit low energy reductants in high light. The RHYHMICALLY VIBRATING CRUST hypothesis as the explanation for the consistent intervals in the spacing of "microbanded" banded iron formations, the most ancient of them all. 4000 million years ago the Earth's crust was thin and flexible, belching out gas and steam on a frequent, regular schedule. Like the Old Faithful geyser at Yellowstone, with bursts of gas and steam coming out with a consistent rhythm. The microbanded layers were once called "annual varves" because the uncanny regularity of the spacing suggested a regular annual cycle, over many years. Reductant rich steam pulsed through the Earth's veins underneath its thin skin. The pace of the Earth's heart beat 4000 million years ago is recorded in the spacing between between the layers of the microbanded iron formations. The SEQUENTIAL REDUCTANT DEPLETION hypothesis as the explanation for the sequence of photosynthetic community succession recorded in the banded iron formations. As hydrogen gas from the most recent burst of geothermal activity floated off into outer space, its concentration rapidly diminished in sea water. The hydrogen gravy train was a short lived ride. While it was there, anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria using hydrogen as reductant had the competitive advantage, using the strongest available reductant. After a time, following the cessation of vulcanism, hydrogen is too depleted to support them anymore, so the competitive advantage goes to the photosynthetic community that can use the next strongest reductant - hydrogen sulfide. And so on, when the sulfide is depleted, the next strongest reductant will be selectively consumed from the water by photosynthetic bacteria. The PHOTOSYNTHETIC COMMUNITY SUCCESSION hypothesis as the explanation for the chemistry of the banded iron formations. The first wave of photosynthetic community succession were the bacteria that could use hydrogen as reductant for photosynthesis. They got the most bang for the buck from sunlight and could outgrow competitors who used any other reductant. Using hydrogen as reductant, the oxidized waste product of photosynthesis is water. This highly productive photosynthetic community rained organic carbon down to the sea floor. There were very few terminal electrons acceptors around to use to oxidize organic carbon. And photosynthesis wasn't producing any oxidants. Pure organic carbon material remained on the sea floor unoxidized. It later fossilized into pure chert as all the organic carbon was replaced by silica. The next community in the succession, after hydrogen was depleted left a very different chemical fingerprint on the sea floor. Sulfur based anoxygenic photosynthesis generates sulfate as the oxidized product. Sulfate can be used as a terminal electron acceptor by bacteria to oxidize organic carbon. Sulfate reduction transforms organic carbon into inorganic carbon, as carbonate. It also produces iron pyrite while its at it. This photosynthetic community rained organic carbon on to the sea floor, but it also put sulfate in the water, which led to the formation of iron pyrite and carbonate in the sea floor. This would NOT fossilize into pure chert. And so on with each successive photosynthetic community, putting out a different oxidized product from its photosynthesis, leaving its unique chemical fingerprint in the sea floor. The SYMBIOTIC ALLELOPATHIC OXIDATION hypothesis as the explanation for the ability of cyanobacteria to dominate a narrow zone at the surface while anoxygenic photosynthesis was excluded to the shade beneath them. With so much ferrous iron in sea water at the time, cyanobacteria couldn't possibly compete with the iron based anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Cyanobacteria just couldn't get as much bang for the buck from sunlight. Cyanobacteria partnered with iron oxidizing bacteria, to whom they provided exclusive access to the strong oxidant the generated as waste product. A very thin layer of them on the surface could create an exclusion zone depleted of ferrous iron. Their faster growing competitors couldn't compete at all without enough ferrous iron in the water. Unlike ferrous iron, ferric iron is insoluble in sea water, so it precipitated out of solution and fell to the sea floor. The iron based photosynthetic bacteria back then had to do what they do today where ferrous iron seeps up from the sea floor. They have to live in the shade beneath the oxygenic photosynthetic community. The GREAT OXIDATION was facilitated by a thin mat of cyanobacteria dominating the high light zone at the sea water surface. At the same time the cyanobacteria mat dumped ferric iron on the sea floor, it blasted oxygen up into the atmosphere. I wasn't enough to bring the atmosphere to anything higher than low single digit percentages of oxygen, but it faciliated the oxidation of labile reductants in the continent(s). The lifeless continents would become home to enormous biomass of underground chemoautotrophic bacteria. The presence of even very low concentrations of oxygen in the atmosphere opened up dozens of niches for bacteria to use dozens of different reductants. As atmospheric oxygen supported the great oxidation of the minerals along the underground flow paths of the continents, it began to supply a wide variety of terminal electron acceptors to the sea that could be used by bacteria to oxidize the organic carbon of the sea floor. Arsenate, borate, phosphate, selenate, molybdate, selenate, vanadate, nitrate,.. and the list goes on. The sea floor organic carbon would now be subjected to oxidation by a wild mix of terminal electron acceptors of varying strength. There was enough oxygen in the atmosphere to cause big chemical changes to the continents. But there was SO DAMN MUCH ferrous iron in the sea water, it would take nearly 1000 million more years of cyanobacteria on the surface mat producing oxygen before the ferrous iron all got oxidized. FINALLY it would be possible for there to be enough free oxygen in sea water support the Cambrian Explosion. |
| 18-09-2025 21:34 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1902) |
Was arsenic based photosynthesis the third wave of succession? Banded iron formations are the fossilized evidence of photosynthetic community succession. Anoxygenic photosynthesis evolved to use multiple reductants from the environment, including hydrogen (H2), reduced sulfur (H2S), reduced arsenic(III) arsenate, reduced ferrous iron(II), and reduced nitrogen nitrite (NO2-) The first two waves of photosynthetic community succession exploited the two strongest reductants, hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen, the strongest reductant gave the most bang for the buck from solar energy. They could outgrow and dominate all the others, so long as sufficient hydrogen was available. When hydrogen was depleted, and it didn't take long to float off into space, the next wave of photosynthetic community succession exploited the next strongest reductant available in the environment. Hydrogen sulfide. In the absence of hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide based photosynthesis would be dominant. But eventually even the hydrogen sulfide became depleted, opening the field for the next wave of photosynthetic community succession. Who would it be? Much attention has been given to ferrous iron based photosynthesis as a contributor to banded iron formations. And it most certainly was. But was the third wave of community succession necessarily going to be the ones who use ferrous iron? Maybe not. Arsenic based anoxygenic photosynthesis employs a stronger reductant than ferrous iron, and would be more competitive if sufficient arsenic(III) arsenite were available in sea water. How could we tell if they were ever the third wave of succession in banded iron formations? An arsenic based anoxygenic photosynthetic community would leave tell tale fingerprints in the seafloor. Arsenic based photosynthesis takes in arsenic(III) arsenite as reductant, and produces arsenic(V) arsenate as the oxidized arsenic product of photosynthesis. Arsenic(V) arsenate is a terminal electron acceptor that can be used to oxidize organic carbon. Microbial arsenic reduction would have oxidized some of the organic carbon in the sea floor. Anaerobic decomposition of organic carbon via arsenic reduction produces CARBONATE. It would have left carbonate behind. If arsenic(V) is present during sulfate reduction, arsenic can get sequestered in arsenian pyrite. Photosynthesis would have been the only source of arsenic(V). Arsenian pyrite in the sea floor would be another fingerprint. If arsenic(V) is present during iron oxidation, arsenic can get sequestered and co precipitate as ferric-iron-bound arsenic. This would be on the sea floor. If solid phase ferric iron is present on the sea floor while arsenic based photosynthesis occurs, arsenic(V) can get tightly adsorbed to the ferric iron surface. This would be on the sea floor. Perhaps most significantly, arsenic(V) can be used as terminal electron acceptor to oxidize sulfides in the water. In some environments with high sulfide concentrations, arsenic(V) is reduced to form arsenian pyrite. Once photosynthesis started producing stronger oxidants, such as oxygen, reduced arsenic(III) in the environment was going to get oxidized to As(V). Before that happened, the only source of new arsenic(V) entering sea water would have been arsenic based anoxygenic photosynthesis. Tell tale signs of arsenic(V) impact to sea floor chemistry at a time when no arsenic oxidizing terminal electron acceptors were in the water would be very strong evidence that arsenic based anoxygenic photosynthesis was one of the waves of photosynthetic community succession. |
| 23-09-2025 00:21 | |
| Into the Night★★★★★ (23155) |
sealover wrote: Climate cannot change. What is related to something that doesn't exist? The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan |
| 23-09-2025 01:11 | |
| Into the Night★★★★★ (23155) |
sealover wrote: Photosynthesis is not a succession or a wave. sealover wrote: Photosynthesis is not a community or a succession. Iron is not a fossil. sealover wrote: Sulfur cannot be reduced. Arsenate is not a chemical. Nitrogen nitrate is not a chemical. sealover wrote: Hydrogen cannot be destroyed. sealover wrote: Hydrogen cannot be destroyed. sealover wrote: Hydrogen cannot just 'float off into space'. You are ignoring the 1st law of thermodynamics again. sealover wrote: Photosynthesis is not a wave or community or succession. Hydrogen sulfide is a compound of hydrogen and sulfur. sealover wrote: Photosynthesis is not a community nor a succession. sealover wrote: Photosynthesis is not a community nor a succession. sealover wrote: There is no sunlight on the sea floor. sealover wrote: Arsenite is not a chemical. Arsenate is not a chemical. Photosynthesis is not a chemical. sealover wrote: There is no such thing as a 'terminal electron acceptor'. Carbon is not organic. Carbonate is not a chemical. sealover wrote: Sulfate is not a chemical. It cannot be reduced. Pyrite does not contain arsenic. Pyrite is not a finger nor a fingerprint. sealover wrote: Arsenic is not iron. It is not intelligent. sealover wrote: There is not sunlight on the sea floor. Iron is not a phase. sealover wrote: There is no such thing as a 'terminal electron acceptor'. Sulfide is not a chemical. Arsenic cannot be reduced. Pyrite does not contain arsenic. sealover wrote: The only oxidant is oxygen. You cannot reduce arsenic. sealover wrote: There is no sunlight on the sea floor. Arsenic is not oxygen. There is no such thing as 'terminal electron acceptors'. It is not a chemical. Photosynthesis is not a community or a wave or a succession. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan Edited on 23-09-2025 01:14 |
| 26-09-2025 15:43 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2484) |
Into the Night wrote:sealover wrote: |
| 26-09-2025 16:48 | |
Swan ★★★★★(7420) |
Im a BM wrote:Into the Night wrote:sealover wrote: Bumping up a dead thread does not give it life, it just highlights its deadness IBdaMann claims that Gold is a molecule, and that the last ice age never happened because I was not there to see it. The only conclusion that can be drawn from this is that IBdaMann is clearly not using enough LSD. According to CDC/Government info, people who were vaccinated are now DYING at a higher rate than non-vaccinated people, which exposes the covid vaccines as the poison that they are, this is now fully confirmed by the terrorist CDC This place is quieter than the FBI commenting on the chink bank account information on Hunter Xiden's laptop I LOVE TRUMP BECAUSE HE PISSES OFF ALL THE PEOPLE THAT I CAN'T STAND. ULTRA MAGA "Being unwanted, unloved, uncared for, forgotten by everybody, I think that is a much greater hunger, a much greater poverty than the person who has nothing to eat." MOTHER THERESA OF CALCUTTA So why is helping to hide the murder of an American president patriotic?  Sonia makes me so proud to be a dumb white boy  Now be honest, was I correct or was I correct? LOL |
| 26-09-2025 18:01 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2484) |
Swan wrote:Im a BM wrote:Into the Night wrote:sealover wrote: It seems to have some kind of "life" in getting at least a couple of hundred new "views" every day. Bumping it up makes it a little easier for those viewers to see on the home page. Oh, your chinks-should-apply-for-a-job-at-Apple post is up to 766 views now. You may be finally acquiring a fan base at this "dead" website. I hope it doesn't break your heart to realize that I don't post for YOU. |
| 26-09-2025 18:31 | |
| Swan★★★★★ (7420) |
Im a BM wrote:Swan wrote:Im a BM wrote:Into the Night wrote:sealover wrote: What does climate debate,com pay you for those views? Nothing that is what, why not go to the tube and get paid for your greatness IBdaMann claims that Gold is a molecule, and that the last ice age never happened because I was not there to see it. The only conclusion that can be drawn from this is that IBdaMann is clearly not using enough LSD. According to CDC/Government info, people who were vaccinated are now DYING at a higher rate than non-vaccinated people, which exposes the covid vaccines as the poison that they are, this is now fully confirmed by the terrorist CDC This place is quieter than the FBI commenting on the chink bank account information on Hunter Xiden's laptop I LOVE TRUMP BECAUSE HE PISSES OFF ALL THE PEOPLE THAT I CAN'T STAND. ULTRA MAGA "Being unwanted, unloved, uncared for, forgotten by everybody, I think that is a much greater hunger, a much greater poverty than the person who has nothing to eat." MOTHER THERESA OF CALCUTTA So why is helping to hide the murder of an American president patriotic? Sonia makes me so proud to be a dumb white boy Now be honest, was I correct or was I correct? LOL |
| 23-10-2025 17:52 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1902) |
I wish Hans Jenny were still alive so I could share this with him. It is kind of like "state factors" of soil formation applied to banded iron formation. What is actually NEW and DIFFERENT about this model for the genesis of banded iron formations? The INTRACELLULAR PHOTOOXIDATION hypothesis as the explanation for the origin of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes in reductants from the environment and, via intracellular photooxidation, generates oxidized waste products - oxygen, nitrate, ferric iron(III), arsenic(V) arsenate, sulfate, or water. It originally evolved as a way to the exploit energy rich reductant, hydrogen, readily available from the environment. And to do so despite the scarcity of terminal electron acceptors (oxidants) available in the water. The EXPANDING PHOTOSYSTEM OXIDATION CAPACITY hypothesis as the explanation for how anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria were able to exploit reductants WEAKER than hydrogen, readily available in the environment The first photosynthetic bacteria exploited the energy from hydrogen available in the environment by employing intracellular photooxidation. An atom such as manganese could be photooxidized within the cell, from manganese(II) to manganese(IV). Manganese(IV) acts as terminal electron acceptor to oxidize the hydrogen and become manganese(II) again. Photooxidize and repeat. The first photosystem employed low end ultraviolet light using only the most rudimentary light harvesting apparatus. Low end UV could not penetrate very deeply into the hydrogen rich water. To exploit the hydrogen beyond the shallowest water, the light harvesting apparatus expanded to be able to use light of longer wavelenths for intracellular photooxidation. Blue light and even red light. The same expansion photosystem oxidation capacity to use high energy reductant in low light would eventually make it possible to exploit low energy reductants in high light. The RHYHMICALLY VIBRATING CRUST hypothesis as the explanation for the consistent intervals in the spacing of "microbanded" banded iron formations, the most ancient of them all. 4000 million years ago the Earth's crust was thin and flexible, belching out gas and steam on a frequent, regular schedule. Like the Old Faithful geyser at Yellowstone, with bursts of gas and steam coming out with a consistent rhythm. The microbanded layers were once called "annual varves" because the uncanny regularity of the spacing suggested a regular annual cycle, over many years. Reductant rich steam pulsed through the Earth's veins underneath its thin skin. The pace of the Earth's heart beat 4000 million years ago is recorded in the spacing between between the layers of the microbanded iron formations. The SEQUENTIAL REDUCTANT DEPLETION hypothesis as the explanation for the sequence of photosynthetic community succession recorded in the banded iron formations. As hydrogen gas from the most recent burst of geothermal activity floated off into outer space, its concentration rapidly diminished in sea water. The hydrogen gravy train was a short lived ride. While it was there, anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria using hydrogen as reductant had the competitive advantage, using the strongest available reductant. After a time, following the cessation of vulcanism, hydrogen is too depleted to support them anymore, so the competitive advantage goes to the photosynthetic community that can use the next strongest reductant - hydrogen sulfide. And so on, when the sulfide is depleted, the next strongest reductant will be selectively consumed from the water by photosynthetic bacteria. The PHOTOSYNTHETIC COMMUNITY SUCCESSION hypothesis as the explanation for the chemistry of the banded iron formations. The first wave of photosynthetic community succession were the bacteria that could use hydrogen as reductant for photosynthesis. They got the most bang for the buck from sunlight and could outgrow competitors who used any other reductant. Using hydrogen as reductant, the oxidized waste product of photosynthesis is water. This highly productive photosynthetic community rained organic carbon down to the sea floor. There were very few terminal electrons acceptors around to use to oxidize organic carbon. And photosynthesis wasn't producing any oxidants. Pure organic carbon material remained on the sea floor unoxidized. It later fossilized into pure chert as all the organic carbon was replaced by silica. The next community in the succession, after hydrogen was depleted left a very different chemical fingerprint on the sea floor. Sulfur based anoxygenic photosynthesis generates sulfate as the oxidized product. Sulfate can be used as a terminal electron acceptor by bacteria to oxidize organic carbon. Sulfate reduction transforms organic carbon into inorganic carbon, as carbonate. It also produces iron pyrite while its at it. This photosynthetic community rained organic carbon on to the sea floor, but it also put sulfate in the water, which led to the formation of iron pyrite and carbonate in the sea floor. This would NOT fossilize into pure chert. And so on with each successive photosynthetic community, putting out a different oxidized product from its photosynthesis, leaving its unique chemical fingerprint in the sea floor. The SYMBIOTIC ALLELOPATHIC OXIDATION hypothesis as the explanation for the ability of cyanobacteria to dominate a narrow zone at the surface while anoxygenic photosynthesis was excluded to the shade beneath them. With so much ferrous iron in sea water at the time, cyanobacteria couldn't possibly compete with the iron based anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. Cyanobacteria just couldn't get as much bang for the buck from sunlight. Cyanobacteria partnered with iron oxidizing bacteria, to whom they provided exclusive access to the strong oxidant the generated as waste product. A very thin layer of them on the surface could create an exclusion zone depleted of ferrous iron. Their faster growing competitors couldn't compete at all without enough ferrous iron in the water. Unlike ferrous iron, ferric iron is insoluble in sea water, so it precipitated out of solution and fell to the sea floor. The iron based photosynthetic bacteria back then had to do what they do today where ferrous iron seeps up from the sea floor. They have to live in the shade beneath the oxygenic photosynthetic community. The GREAT OXIDATION was facilitated by a thin mat of cyanobacteria dominating the high light zone at the sea water surface. At the same time the cyanobacteria mat dumped ferric iron on the sea floor, it blasted oxygen up into the atmosphere. I wasn't enough to bring the atmosphere to anything higher than low single digit percentages of oxygen, but it faciliated the oxidation of labile reductants in the continent(s). The lifeless continents would become home to enormous biomass of underground chemoautotrophic bacteria. The presence of even very low concentrations of oxygen in the atmosphere opened up dozens of niches for bacteria to use dozens of different reductants. As atmospheric oxygen supported the great oxidation of the minerals along the underground flow paths of the continents, it began to supply a wide variety of terminal electron acceptors to the sea that could be used by bacteria to oxidize the organic carbon of the sea floor. Arsenate, borate, phosphate, selenate, molybdate, selenate, vanadate, nitrate,.. and the list goes on. The sea floor organic carbon would now be subjected to oxidation by a wild mix of terminal electron acceptors of varying strength. There was enough oxygen in the atmosphere to cause big chemical changes to the continents. But there was SO DAMN MUCH ferrous iron in the sea water, it would take nearly 1000 million more years of cyanobacteria on the surface mat producing oxygen before the ferrous iron all got oxidized. FINALLY it would be possible for there to be enough free oxygen in sea water support the Cambrian Explosion. |
| 30-10-2025 23:03 | |
| Into the Night★★★★★ (23155) |
sealover wrote: Photosynthesis is not 'new'. This chemical reaction has been around as long as there is a Sun to power it. sealover wrote: Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen. There is no such thing as 'hydrogen rich water'. There is no such thing as 'reductant energy'. sealover wrote: Earth is not steam. Water is not iron. sealover wrote: To learn what 'hypothesis' means. It does NOT mean 'theory'. Photosynthesis is not a community. It is not a 'succession'. It is not iron. sealover wrote: Hydrogen cannot be reduced. You cannot create energy out of nothing. Hydrogen doesn't go 'floating off into space'. sealover wrote: Hydrogen is not depleted. Photosynthesis is not a community. Sulfide is not a chemical. Buzzword fallacies. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan |
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