Maximizing Carbon Sequestration in Wetlands
| 08-05-2024 23:01 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1909) |
Deliberate Massive Erosion in Dark Ages Italy. During the "Dark Ages", after the fall of the Roman Empire, people deliberately caused massive erosion in some of the hilly regions of Italy. They would build a small dam at the outlet of a small valley. They would cut down all the trees on the hillsides upstream. Let the fuel get nice and dry, then torch it. The next big rainfall event would fill the small valley with nutrient rich sediment. The valley became HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE cropland. What could possibly be wrong with this picture? As Europe emerged from the Dark Ages, they didn't even need to pass any laws for environmental regulation to stop the large scale slash and burn operations. Deliberate Massive Erosion in Dark Ages Italy. People figured out it was bad |
| 08-05-2024 23:02 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1909) |
Rice Paddies and Anabaena azollae Cyanobacteria. Humans have terraformed by constructing rice paddies, for thousands of years. These agroecosystems sustained productivity without anthropogenic inputs of agricultural chemicals, for thousands of years. A large, coordinated social network was required to maintain the system of dikes and canals. This made people work together under a central government. One reason these rice paddies work so well is due to the presence of azolla water ferns. The aquatic azolla fern lives in symbiosis with a nitrogen fixing bacteria, Anabaena azollae. This "blue green algae" is also photosynthetic, like the fern it lives with. Atmospheric nitrogen can be "fixed" by these cyanobacteria, into a form that eventually becomes bioavailable to the rice in the paddies. It costs a lot of energy to "fix" nitrogen. Legumes have to provide carbohydrate to the nitrogen fixing bacteria in the nodules on their roots to be able to do it. These water ferns and their bacterial partners make rice production possible without humans having to apply nitrogen fertilizer. Rice paddies take a lot of work to build. Perhaps the most impressive can be found on steep mountain slopes of Bali. Far more difficult to build than the rice paddies of Southeast Asian deltas, these are on steep hillsides. It would have been much easier to build them on lower land, irrigated with river water. But the groundwater on the slopes of these mountains in Bali is special. It is highly enriched in phosphorus. It was worth the effort to build the rice paddy infrastructure with such fertile water coming in. Because they also have the azolla fern with its cyanobacteria to supply nitrogen. |
| 08-05-2024 23:05 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1909) |
All the most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down on page 3. Wetlands are among the world's most productive ecosystems. High rates of photosynthesis sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide to become organic carbon in the live biomass. Waterlogged wetland soils create low oxygen conditions that prevent aerobic decomposition of organic carbon in dead biomass. Wetland soil organic matter has centuries long mean residence time, piling up year after year. Undisturbed wetlands act as a net sink for carbon, sequestering more of it from the atmosphere than they emit by respiration or decomposition. When wetlands are drained, stored organic carbon is exposed to oxygen and aerobic decomposition. Drained wetlands act as a net source for carbon, emitting more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than they sequester from it. Indeed, they emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere at a rate orders of magnitude higher than the rate at which they sequester it. |
| 09-05-2024 08:18 | |
Into the Night ★★★★★(23472) |
sealover wrote:Stop spamming. Carbon isn't organic. Draining a wetland means it's not a wetland. Carbon is not carbon dioxide. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan |
| 09-05-2024 19:05 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1909) |
All the most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down on page 3, and continuing on to page 4. Wetlands are among the world's most productive ecosystems. High rates of photosynthesis sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide to become organic carbon in the live biomass. Waterlogged wetland soils create low oxygen conditions that prevent aerobic decomposition of organic carbon in dead biomass. Wetland soil organic matter has centuries long mean residence time, piling up year after year. Undisturbed wetlands act as a net sink for carbon, sequestering more of it from the atmosphere than they emit by respiration or decomposition. When wetlands are drained, stored organic carbon is exposed to oxygen and aerobic decomposition. Drained wetlands act as a net source for carbon, emitting more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than they sequester from it. Indeed, they emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere at a rate orders of magnitude higher than the rate at which they sequester it. |
| 10-05-2024 00:10 | |
| Into the Night★★★★★ (23472) |
sealover wrote: Repetition fallacy (spamming). Stop spamming. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan |
| 11-05-2024 04:53 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1909) |
All the most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down on page 3, and continuing on to page 4. Wetlands are among the world's most productive ecosystems. High rates of photosynthesis sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide to become organic carbon in the live biomass. Waterlogged wetland soils create low oxygen conditions that prevent aerobic decomposition of organic carbon in dead biomass. Wetland soil organic matter has centuries long mean residence time, piling up year after year. Undisturbed wetlands act as a net sink for carbon, sequestering more of it from the atmosphere than they emit by respiration or decomposition. When wetlands are drained, stored organic carbon is exposed to oxygen and aerobic decomposition. Drained wetlands act as a net source for carbon, emitting more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than they sequester from it. Indeed, they emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere at a rate orders of magnitude higher than the rate at which they sequester it. "sealover" is a PhD biogeochemist who has published widely cited research about carbon cycling, and performed extensive biogeochemistry investigations in wetlands of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. |
| 11-05-2024 06:51 | |
IBdaMann ★★★★★(15061) |
sealover wrote: Wetlands are among the world's most productive ecosystems. Aren't farms the most productive? sealover wrote: High rates of photosynthesis sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide to become organic carbon in the live biomass. On farms, high rates of photosynthesis sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide to become crops that people buy. |
| 11-05-2024 08:00 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1909) |
All the most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down on page 3, and continuing on to page 4. Wetlands are among the world's most productive ecosystems. Net Primary Production (NPP) is a measure of how much carbon dioxide is transformed to organic carbon via photosynthesis, per unit area, per unit time. Wetlands rank up there with tropical rainforests and coral reefs for the highest NPP, perhaps outranked only by seagrass beds. Wetlands NPP is far higher than that of croplands. High rates of photosynthesis in wetlands sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide to become organic carbon in the live biomass. Waterlogged wetland soils create low oxygen conditions that prevent aerobic decomposition of organic carbon in dead biomass. Wetland soil organic matter has centuries long mean residence time, piling up year after year. Undisturbed wetlands act as a net sink for carbon, sequestering more of it from the atmosphere than they emit by respiration or decomposition. When wetlands are drained, stored organic carbon is exposed to oxygen and aerobic decomposition. Drained wetlands act as a net source for carbon, emitting more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than they sequester from it. Indeed, they emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere at a rate orders of magnitude higher than the rate at which they sequester it. "sealover" is a PhD biogeochemist who has published widely cited research about carbon cycling, and performed extensive biogeochemistry investigations in wetlands of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. |
| 11-05-2024 18:49 | |
| Into the Night★★★★★ (23472) |
sealover wrote: Stop spamming. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan |
| 13-05-2024 19:55 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1909) |
All the most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down on page 3, and continuing on to page 4. Wetlands are among the world's most productive ecosystems. Net Primary Production (NPP) is a measure of how much carbon dioxide is transformed to organic carbon via photosynthesis, per unit area, per unit time. Wetlands rank up there with tropical rainforests and coral reefs for the highest NPP, perhaps outranked only by seagrass beds. Wetlands NPP is far higher than that of croplands. High rates of photosynthesis in wetlands sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide to become organic carbon in the live biomass. Waterlogged wetland soils create low oxygen conditions that prevent aerobic decomposition of organic carbon in dead biomass. Wetland soil organic matter has centuries long mean residence time, piling up year after year. Undisturbed wetlands act as a net sink for carbon, sequestering more of it from the atmosphere than they emit by respiration or decomposition. When wetlands are drained, stored organic carbon is exposed to oxygen and aerobic decomposition. Drained wetlands act as a net source for carbon, emitting more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than they sequester from it. Indeed, they emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere at a rate orders of magnitude higher than the rate at which they sequester it. "sealover" is a PhD biogeochemist who has published widely cited research about carbon cycling, and performed extensive biogeochemistry investigations in wetlands of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. |
| 13-05-2024 21:35 | |
| Into the Night★★★★★ (23472) |
Carbon isn't organic. Stop spamming. |
| 18-05-2024 11:44 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1909) |
All the most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down on page 3, and continuing on to page 4. Wetlands are among the world's most productive ecosystems. Net Primary Production (NPP) is a measure of how much carbon dioxide is transformed to organic carbon via photosynthesis, per unit area, per unit time. Wetlands rank up there with tropical rainforests and coral reefs for the highest NPP, perhaps outranked only by seagrass beds. Wetlands NPP is far higher than that of croplands. High rates of photosynthesis in wetlands sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide to become organic carbon in the live biomass. Waterlogged wetland soils create low oxygen conditions that prevent aerobic decomposition of organic carbon in dead biomass. Wetland soil organic matter has centuries long mean residence time, piling up year after year. Undisturbed wetlands act as a net sink for carbon, sequestering more of it from the atmosphere than they emit by respiration or decomposition. When wetlands are drained, stored organic carbon is exposed to oxygen and aerobic decomposition. Drained wetlands act as a net source for carbon, emitting more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than they sequester from it. Indeed, they emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere at a rate orders of magnitude higher than the rate at which they sequester it. "sealover" is a PhD biogeochemist who has published widely cited research about carbon cycling, and performed extensive biogeochemistry investigations in wetlands of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.[/quote] Relevant posts of thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down page 3 |
| 18-05-2024 23:59 | |
| Into the Night★★★★★ (23472) |
Carbon isn't organic. Stop spamming. |
| 24-05-2024 19:49 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1909) |
All the most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down on page 3, and continuing on to page 4. Wetlands are among the world's most productive ecosystems. Net Primary Production (NPP) is a measure of how much carbon dioxide is transformed to organic carbon via photosynthesis, per unit area, per unit time. Wetlands rank up there with tropical rainforests and coral reefs for the highest NPP, perhaps outranked only by seagrass beds. Wetlands NPP is far higher than that of croplands. High rates of photosynthesis in wetlands sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide to become organic carbon in the live biomass. Waterlogged wetland soils create low oxygen conditions that prevent aerobic decomposition of organic carbon in dead biomass. Wetland soil organic matter has centuries long mean residence time, piling up year after year. Undisturbed wetlands act as a net sink for carbon, sequestering more of it from the atmosphere than they emit by respiration or decomposition. When wetlands are drained, stored organic carbon is exposed to oxygen and aerobic decomposition. Drained wetlands act as a net source for carbon, emitting more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than they sequester from it. Indeed, they emit carbon dioxide to the atmosphere at a rate orders of magnitude higher than the rate at which they sequester it. "sealover" is a PhD biogeochemist who has published widely cited research about carbon cycling, and performed extensive biogeochemistry investigations in wetlands of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.[/quote] Relevant posts of thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down page 3 SEE 5 OTHER THREADS ABOUT BIOGEOCHEMISTRY AND GLOBAL CHANGE |
| 24-05-2024 22:40 | |
| Into the Night★★★★★ (23472) |
Carbon isn't organic. Carbon isn't carbon dioxide. Drained wetlands are not wetlands. Stop spamming. |
| 24-11-2024 21:28 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1909) |
Better management of drained wetlands can dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions, decrease their export of sulfuric acid to surface waters, and increase their export of alkalinity in groundwater flows. Establishing new wetlands is easy, but there are some potential chemical pitfalls to be aware of - potential release of arsenic and potential generation of methyl mercury. The more widespread risk is for arsenic. It is abundant many soil parent materials where new wetlands might be established. The risk, however, is only if wells tap shallow groundwater for human consumption. Otherwise, its benign where it is. The more dangerous risk, with bitter lessons having already been learned, is that the newly constructed wetland becomes a source of methyl mercury to surface water and aquatic life, and on up the food chain. In relatively rare sites where human activity has caused iron-bound mercury to accumulate under aerobic conditions (downstream from mercury mines or gold mining activities), creating a new wetland carries great risk. Under aerobic conditions, most solid-phase arsenic that contacts soil solution and groundwater is ferric-iron-bound arsenate. It is stable and benign under aerobic conditions. However, if it becomes waterlogged and low oxygen conditions prevail, that arsenic can be unleashed into solution through reductive dissolution of the ferric iron it is bound to. Toxic levels of arsenic in groundwater can be generated. However, this water is generally too salty to use for agriculture or human consumption anyway. Mercury mines generate acidic discharge. Pyrite oxidation generates sulfuric acid and ferric iron. Cinnabar oxidation generates sulfuric acid dissolved mercury. Ferric iron is soluble at high concentration in the strongly acidic mine discharge. As soon as the acid mine discharge hits near neutral pH stream water, iron floc begins to form as ferric iron forms oxyhydroxide precipitates. Dissolved mercury is sequestered and bound into the iron floc, removing nearly all of it from the stream water. Mercury-bearing iron floc then accumulated downstream in aerobic soil conditions. When folks decide to "remediate" the old mercury mine sites, they discovered the hard way that installing a new wetland downstream is a very bad idea. When mercury-bearing iron oxyhydroxide floc in aerobic soil is flooded into a low oxygen condition, iron reducing bacteria use ferric iron as oxidant to get energy from oxidation of organic carbon. This dissolves the solid-phase ferric iron, releasing it as soluble ferrous iron. Reductive dissolution of the ferric iron also releases the mercury that was bound to it. Under such conditions, the only way that iron-reducing can access the ferric iron for use as oxidant is to come into close contact with mercury. Iron reducing bacteria methylate mercury. Where the old mercury mine waste deposits had been benign for a century and a half, they had now become a source of methyl mercury for the food chain. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down page 3 |
| 25-11-2024 04:20 | |
| sealover★★★★☆ (1909) |
Better management of drained wetlands can dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions, decrease their export of sulfuric acid to surface waters, and increase their export of alkalinity in groundwater flows. The waterlogged conditions of wetlands impede entry of oxygen into the soil, creating low oxygen conditions where it is difficult for organic matter to decompose. Instead, new organic matter accumulates, year after year, sequestering significant carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Conversely, massive amounts of carbon dioxide are released when wetlands are drained, allowing oxygen to enter into the soil. Total CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from drained peatlands of Southeast Asia rival total CO2 emissions from automobile engines. Establishing new wetlands is easy, but there are some potential chemical pitfalls to be aware of - potential release of arsenic and potential generation of methyl mercury. The more widespread risk is for arsenic. It is abundant many soil parent materials where new wetlands might be established. The risk, however, is only if wells tap shallow groundwater for human consumption. Otherwise, its benign where it is. The more dangerous risk, with bitter lessons having already been learned, is that the newly constructed wetland becomes a source of methyl mercury to surface water and aquatic life, and on up the food chain. In relatively rare sites where human activity has caused iron-bound mercury to accumulate under aerobic conditions (downstream from mercury mines or gold mining activities), creating a new wetland carries great risk. Under aerobic conditions, most solid-phase arsenic that contacts soil solution and groundwater is ferric-iron-bound arsenate. It is stable and benign under aerobic conditions. However, if it becomes waterlogged and low oxygen conditions prevail, that arsenic can be unleashed into solution through reductive dissolution of the ferric iron it is bound to. Toxic levels of arsenic in groundwater can be generated. However, this water is generally too salty to use for agriculture or human consumption anyway. Mercury mines generate acidic discharge. Pyrite oxidation generates sulfuric acid and ferric iron. Cinnabar oxidation generates sulfuric acid dissolved mercury. Ferric iron is soluble at high concentration in the strongly acidic mine discharge. As soon as the acid mine discharge hits near neutral pH stream water, iron floc begins to form as ferric iron forms oxyhydroxide precipitates. Dissolved mercury is sequestered and bound into the iron floc, removing nearly all of it from the stream water. Mercury-bearing iron floc then accumulated downstream in aerobic soil conditions. When folks decide to "remediate" the old mercury mine sites, they discovered the hard way that installing a new wetland downstream is a very bad idea. When mercury-bearing iron oxyhydroxide floc in aerobic soil is flooded into a low oxygen condition, iron reducing bacteria use ferric iron as oxidant to get energy from oxidation of organic carbon. This dissolves the solid-phase ferric iron, releasing it as soluble ferrous iron. Reductive dissolution of the ferric iron also releases the mercury that was bound to it. Under such conditions, the only way that iron-reducing can access the ferric iron for use as oxidant is to come into close contact with mercury. Iron reducing bacteria methylate mercury. Where the old mercury mine waste deposits had been benign for a century and a half, they had now become a source of methyl mercury for the food chain. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down page 3 |
| 25-11-2024 22:40 | |
| Into the Night★★★★★ (23472) |
sealover wrote: Why are you afraid of carbon dioxide?? Sulfuric acid is not carbon dioxide. Alkalinity is not a substance. You are no chemist. Stop spamming. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan |
| 25-11-2024 22:41 | |
| Into the Night★★★★★ (23472) |
sealover wrote: Why are you afraid of carbon dioxide? Carbon is not carbon dioxide. Carbon is not organic. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan |
| 27-11-2024 01:32 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2831) |
<--- Click on "sealover" (to the left of the arrow) It will open the "sealover" profile page. The "Last 10 posts:" shows ten biogeochemistry-related threads. Any of them can be opened with a click. ----------------------------------------- Better management of drained wetlands can dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions, decrease their export of sulfuric acid to surface waters, and increase their export of alkalinity in groundwater flows. The waterlogged conditions of wetlands impede entry of oxygen into the soil, creating low oxygen conditions where it is difficult for organic matter to decompose. Instead, new organic matter accumulates, year after year, sequestering significant carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Conversely, massive amounts of carbon dioxide are released when wetlands are drained, allowing oxygen to enter into the soil. Total CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from drained peatlands of Southeast Asia rival total CO2 emissions from automobile engines. Establishing new wetlands is easy, but there are some potential chemical pitfalls to be aware of - potential release of arsenic and potential generation of methyl mercury. The more widespread risk is for arsenic. It is abundant many soil parent materials where new wetlands might be established. The risk, however, is only if wells tap shallow groundwater for human consumption. Otherwise, its benign where it is. The more dangerous risk, with bitter lessons having already been learned, is that the newly constructed wetland becomes a source of methyl mercury to surface water and aquatic life, and on up the food chain. In relatively rare sites where human activity has caused iron-bound mercury to accumulate under aerobic conditions (downstream from mercury mines or gold mining activities), creating a new wetland carries great risk. Under aerobic conditions, most solid-phase arsenic that contacts soil solution and groundwater is ferric-iron-bound arsenate. It is stable and benign under aerobic conditions. However, if it becomes waterlogged and low oxygen conditions prevail, that arsenic can be unleashed into solution through reductive dissolution of the ferric iron it is bound to. Toxic levels of arsenic in groundwater can be generated. However, this water is generally too salty to use for agriculture or human consumption anyway. Mercury mines generate acidic discharge. Pyrite oxidation generates sulfuric acid and ferric iron. Cinnabar oxidation generates sulfuric acid dissolved mercury. Ferric iron is soluble at high concentration in the strongly acidic mine discharge. As soon as the acid mine discharge hits near neutral pH stream water, iron floc begins to form as ferric iron forms oxyhydroxide precipitates. Dissolved mercury is sequestered and bound into the iron floc, removing nearly all of it from the stream water. Mercury-bearing iron floc then accumulated downstream in aerobic soil conditions. When folks decide to "remediate" the old mercury mine sites, they discovered the hard way that installing a new wetland downstream is a very bad idea. When mercury-bearing iron oxyhydroxide floc in aerobic soil is flooded into a low oxygen condition, iron reducing bacteria use ferric iron as oxidant to get energy from oxidation of organic carbon. This dissolves the solid-phase ferric iron, releasing it as soluble ferrous iron. Reductive dissolution of the ferric iron also releases the mercury that was bound to it. Under such conditions, the only way that iron-reducing can access the ferric iron for use as oxidant is to come into close contact with mercury. Iron reducing bacteria methylate mercury. Where the old mercury mine waste deposits had been benign for a century and a half, they had now become a source of methyl mercury for the food chain. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down page 3 |
| 27-11-2024 03:57 | |
| Into the Night★★★★★ (23472) |
Im a BM wrote: Stop spamming. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan |
| 07-12-2024 21:53 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2831) |
<--- Click on "sealover" (to the left of the arrow) It will open the "sealover" profile page. The "Last 10 posts:" shows ten biogeochemistry-related threads. Any of them can be opened with a click. The first post on page 1 of this thread is by "sealover", to open profile page. ----------------------------------------- Better management of drained wetlands can dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions, decrease their export of sulfuric acid to surface waters, and increase their export of alkalinity in groundwater flows. The waterlogged conditions of wetlands impede entry of oxygen into the soil, creating low oxygen conditions where it is difficult for organic matter to decompose. Instead, new organic matter accumulates, year after year, sequestering significant carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Conversely, massive amounts of carbon dioxide are released when wetlands are drained, allowing oxygen to enter into the soil. Total CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from drained peatlands of Southeast Asia rival total CO2 emissions from automobile engines. Establishing new wetlands is easy, but there are some potential chemical pitfalls to be aware of - potential release of arsenic and potential generation of methyl mercury. The more widespread risk is for arsenic. It is abundant many soil parent materials where new wetlands might be established. The risk, however, is only if wells tap shallow groundwater for human consumption. Otherwise, its benign where it is. The more dangerous risk, with bitter lessons having already been learned, is that the newly constructed wetland becomes a source of methyl mercury to surface water and aquatic life, and on up the food chain. In relatively rare sites where human activity has caused iron-bound mercury to accumulate under aerobic conditions (downstream from mercury mines or gold mining activities), creating a new wetland carries great risk. Under aerobic conditions, most solid-phase arsenic that contacts soil solution and groundwater is ferric-iron-bound arsenate. It is stable and benign under aerobic conditions. However, if it becomes waterlogged and low oxygen conditions prevail, that arsenic can be unleashed into solution through reductive dissolution of the ferric iron it is bound to. Toxic levels of arsenic in groundwater can be generated. However, this water is generally too salty to use for agriculture or human consumption anyway. Mercury mines generate acidic discharge. Pyrite oxidation generates sulfuric acid and ferric iron. Cinnabar oxidation generates sulfuric acid dissolved mercury. Ferric iron is soluble at high concentration in the strongly acidic mine discharge. As soon as the acid mine discharge hits near neutral pH stream water, iron floc begins to form as ferric iron forms oxyhydroxide precipitates. Dissolved mercury is sequestered and bound into the iron floc, removing nearly all of it from the stream water. Mercury-bearing iron floc then accumulated downstream in aerobic soil conditions. When folks decide to "remediate" the old mercury mine sites, they discovered the hard way that installing a new wetland downstream is a very bad idea. When mercury-bearing iron oxyhydroxide floc in aerobic soil is flooded into a low oxygen condition, iron reducing bacteria use ferric iron as oxidant to get energy from oxidation of organic carbon. This dissolves the solid-phase ferric iron, releasing it as soluble ferrous iron. Reductive dissolution of the ferric iron also releases the mercury that was bound to it. Under such conditions, the only way that iron-reducing can access the ferric iron for use as oxidant is to come into close contact with mercury. Iron reducing bacteria methylate mercury. Where the old mercury mine waste deposits had been benign for a century and a half, they had now become a source of methyl mercury for the food chain. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down page 3 |
| 09-12-2024 19:52 | |
| Into the Night★★★★★ (23472) |
Im a BM wrote: Paradox. A drained 'wetland' is not a wetland. Alkalinity is not a chemical. Water is not sulfuric acid. Im a BM wrote: Water contains oxygen. Carbon dioxide is not organic. Carbon dioxide is incapable of warming the Earth. You cannot create energy out of nothing. You are still ignoring the 1st law of thermodynamics. Im a BM wrote: Meh. Im a BM wrote: Water is not arsenic. Water is not methyl mercury. Stop pretending to be a chemist. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan |
| 20-03-2025 02:26 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2831) |
<--- Click on "sealover" (to the left of the arrow) It will open the "sealover" profile page. The "Last 10 posts:" shows ten biogeochemistry-related threads. Any of them can be opened with a click. The first post on page 1 of this thread is by "sealover", to open profile page. ----------------------------------------- Better management of drained wetlands can dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions, decrease their export of sulfuric acid to surface waters, and increase their export of alkalinity in groundwater flows. The waterlogged conditions of wetlands impede entry of oxygen into the soil, creating low oxygen conditions where it is difficult for organic matter to decompose. Instead, new organic matter accumulates, year after year, sequestering significant carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Conversely, massive amounts of carbon dioxide are released when wetlands are drained, allowing oxygen to enter into the soil. Total CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from drained peatlands of Southeast Asia rival total CO2 emissions from automobile engines. Establishing new wetlands is easy, but there are some potential chemical pitfalls to be aware of - potential release of arsenic and potential generation of methyl mercury. The more widespread risk is for arsenic. It is abundant many soil parent materials where new wetlands might be established. The risk, however, is only if wells tap shallow groundwater for human consumption. Otherwise, its benign where it is. The more dangerous risk, with bitter lessons having already been learned, is that the newly constructed wetland becomes a source of methyl mercury to surface water and aquatic life, and on up the food chain. In relatively rare sites where human activity has caused iron-bound mercury to accumulate under aerobic conditions (downstream from mercury mines or gold mining activities), creating a new wetland carries great risk. Under aerobic conditions, most solid-phase arsenic that contacts soil solution and groundwater is ferric-iron-bound arsenate. It is stable and benign under aerobic conditions. However, if it becomes waterlogged and low oxygen conditions prevail, that arsenic can be unleashed into solution through reductive dissolution of the ferric iron it is bound to. Toxic levels of arsenic in groundwater can be generated. However, this water is generally too salty to use for agriculture or human consumption anyway. Mercury mines generate acidic discharge. Pyrite oxidation generates sulfuric acid and ferric iron. Cinnabar oxidation generates sulfuric acid dissolved mercury. Ferric iron is soluble at high concentration in the strongly acidic mine discharge. As soon as the acid mine discharge hits near neutral pH stream water, iron floc begins to form as ferric iron forms oxyhydroxide precipitates. Dissolved mercury is sequestered and bound into the iron floc, removing nearly all of it from the stream water. Mercury-bearing iron floc then accumulated downstream in aerobic soil conditions. When folks decide to "remediate" the old mercury mine sites, they discovered the hard way that installing a new wetland downstream is a very bad idea. When mercury-bearing iron oxyhydroxide floc in aerobic soil is flooded into a low oxygen condition, iron reducing bacteria use ferric iron as oxidant to get energy from oxidation of organic carbon. This dissolves the solid-phase ferric iron, releasing it as soluble ferrous iron. Reductive dissolution of the ferric iron also releases the mercury that was bound to it. Under such conditions, the only way that iron-reducing can access the ferric iron for use as oxidant is to come into close contact with mercury. Iron reducing bacteria methylate mercury. Where the old mercury mine waste deposits had been benign for a century and a half, they had now become a source of methyl mercury for the food chain. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down page 3 |
| 20-03-2025 10:08 | |
| Into the Night★★★★★ (23472) |
Im a BM wrote: Why are you so afraid of carbon dioxide?? Im a BM wrote: Carbon dioxide is not sulfuric acid. Im a BM wrote: Alkalinity is not a chemical. Im a BM wrote: Why are you so afraid of carbon dioxide?? Im a BM wrote: Why are you so afraid of carbon dioxide? Im a BM wrote: Water isn't arsenic. Water isn't methyl mercury. Im a BM wrote: Iron isn't mercury. Gold isn't mercury. Im a BM wrote: Iron isn't mercury. Iron isn't arsenic. Im a BM wrote: Mines are not acid. Mercury isn't sulfuric acid. Mercury isn't iron. Im a BM wrote: Sulfuric acid isn't mercury. Im a BM wrote: Mines are not an acid. Iron is not an acid. Im a BM wrote: Oxyhydroxide is not a chemical. Im a BM wrote: Mercury doesn't dissolve in water. Im a BM wrote: 'Installing a new wetland'??? HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA! Im a BM wrote: Iron is not oxygen. Iron is not mercury. Im a BM wrote: Iron is not a bacterium. Methylate mercury is not a chemical or a bacterium. Im a BM wrote: Mercury is is not methyl mercury. [b]Im a BM wrote: The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down page 3[/b] Random phrase ignored. The Parrot Killer Debunked in my sig. - tmiddles Google keeps track of paranoid talk and i'm not on their list. I've been evaluated and certified. - keepit nuclear powered ships do not require nuclear fuel. - Swan While it is true that fossils do not burn it is also true that fossil fuels burn very well - Swan |
| 20-03-2025 17:12 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2831) |
The scientific genius of Into the Night. Something is NOT something else. Carbon dioxide is not sulfuric acid, for example. Only a scientific genius would know to point that out. Alkalinity is not a chemical. Water isn't arsenic. Water isn't methyl mercury. Iron isn't mercury. Gold isn't mercury. Iron STILL isn't mercury. Iron isn't arsenic either. Mines are not acid. Mercury isn't sulfuric acid. Mercury STILL isn't iron. And the list goes on and on of what is NOT something else. Only a scientific genius would offer such profound chemistry insight. I guess it's my own fault because I'm always claiming that water IS arsenic. I keep insisting that mercury IS iron. I won't stop falsely claiming that iron is oxygen. SOMEBODY has to set the record straight. Something is NOT something else. But I'm still not sure that I get it. I'll try to keep reminding myself that iron is NOT a bacterium, so I won't keep publishing such stupid assertions. Into the Night wrote:Im a BM wrote: Random phrase ignored. |
| 27-03-2025 21:21 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2831) |
The scientific genius of Into the Night. Something is NOT something else. "Carbon dioxide is not sulfuric acid", for example. Only a scientific genius would know to point that out. Alkalinity is not a chemical. Water isn't arsenic. Water isn't methyl mercury. Iron isn't mercury. Gold isn't mercury. Iron STILL isn't mercury. Iron isn't arsenic either. Mines are not acid. Mercury isn't sulfuric acid. Mercury STILL isn't iron. And the list goes on and on of what is NOT something else. Only a scientific genius would offer such profound chemistry insight. I guess it's my own fault because I'm always claiming that water IS arsenic. I keep insisting that mercury IS iron. I won't stop falsely claiming that iron is oxygen. SOMEBODY has to set the record straight. Something is NOT something else. But I'm still not sure that I get it. I'll try to keep reminding myself that "iron is not a bacterium", so I won't keep publishing my stupid claim that iron IS a bacterium. LOL about "constructed wetlands" HA HA HA HA HA HA HA HA HA HA! At least the Chemistry Clown isn't claiming "There is no such thing as a 'constructed wetland'" Constructed wetlands have been employed for more than 50 years to neutralize acid mine drainage. When buried pyrite is exposed to oxygen, pyrite oxidizing bacteria turn it into sulfuric acid. Mine discharge with pH 0-3 can be brought to near neutrality by passing it through a constructed wetland. Like beavers, humans can engineer constructed wetlands by blocking a waterway and creating waterlogged low oxygen conditions in soil that was previously drained and aerobic. Under low oxygen conditions, sulfate reducing bacteria use the sulfate from sulfuric acid as a terminal electron acceptor to oxidize organic carbon to derive metabolic energy. Aerobic oxidation of organic carbon, using oxygen as terminal electron acceptor, produces carbon dioxide as the oxidized inorganic carbon product. Anaerobic oxidation of organic carbon using sulfate as terminal electron acceptor produces bicarbonate ion and carbonate ion as the oxidized inorganic carbon products. Bicarbonate and carbonate neutralize the sulfuric acid. Can't wait to see the Chemistry Clown post, for the 1000th time, "There is no such thing as organic carbon." "Sulfate cannot be reduced." "There is no such thing as 'terminal electron acceptor'" "Dilution is buffering" So, dilution is the solution to the pollution of acid mine discharge! Constructed wetlands probably don't even exist! Into the Night wrote:Im a BM wrote: |
| 27-03-2025 21:21 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2831) |
The scientific genius of Into the Night. Something is NOT something else. "Carbon dioxide is not sulfuric acid", for example. Only a scientific genius would know to point that out. Alkalinity is not a chemical. Water isn't arsenic. Water isn't methyl mercury. Iron isn't mercury. Gold isn't mercury. Iron STILL isn't mercury. Iron isn't arsenic either. Mines are not acid. Mercury isn't sulfuric acid. Mercury STILL isn't iron. And the list goes on and on of what is NOT something else. Only a scientific genius would offer such profound chemistry insight. I guess it's my own fault because I'm always claiming that water IS arsenic. I keep insisting that mercury IS iron. I won't stop falsely claiming that iron is oxygen. SOMEBODY has to set the record straight. Something is NOT something else. But I'm still not sure that I get it. I'll try to keep reminding myself that "iron is not a bacterium", so I won't keep publishing my stupid claim that iron IS a bacterium. LOL about "constructed wetlands" HA HA HA HA HA HA HA HA HA HA! At least the Chemistry Clown isn't claiming "There is no such thing as a 'constructed wetland'" Constructed wetlands have been employed for more than 50 years to neutralize acid mine drainage. When buried pyrite is exposed to oxygen, pyrite oxidizing bacteria turn it into sulfuric acid. Mine discharge with pH 0-3 can be brought to near neutrality by passing it through a constructed wetland. Like beavers, humans can engineer constructed wetlands by blocking a waterway and creating waterlogged low oxygen conditions in soil that was previously drained and aerobic. Under low oxygen conditions, sulfate reducing bacteria use the sulfate from sulfuric acid as a terminal electron acceptor to oxidize organic carbon to derive metabolic energy. Aerobic oxidation of organic carbon, using oxygen as terminal electron acceptor, produces carbon dioxide as the oxidized inorganic carbon product. Anaerobic oxidation of organic carbon using sulfate as terminal electron acceptor produces bicarbonate ion and carbonate ion as the oxidized inorganic carbon products. Bicarbonate and carbonate neutralize the sulfuric acid. Can't wait to see the Chemistry Clown post, for the 1000th time, "There is no such thing as organic carbon." "Sulfate cannot be reduced." "There is no such thing as 'terminal electron acceptor'" "Dilution is buffering" So, dilution is the solution to the pollution of acid mine discharge! Constructed wetlands probably don't even exist! Into the Night wrote:Im a BM wrote: |
| 29-03-2025 01:11 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2831) |
Better management of drained wetlands can dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions, decrease their export of sulfuric acid to surface waters, and increase their export of alkalinity in groundwater flows. The waterlogged conditions of wetlands impede entry of oxygen into the soil, creating low oxygen conditions where it is difficult for organic matter to decompose. Instead, new organic matter accumulates, year after year, sequestering significant carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Conversely, massive amounts of carbon dioxide are released when wetlands are drained, allowing oxygen to enter into the soil. Total CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from drained peatlands of Southeast Asia rival total CO2 emissions from automobile engines. Establishing new wetlands is easy, but there are some potential chemical pitfalls to be aware of - potential release of arsenic and potential generation of methyl mercury. The more widespread risk is for arsenic. It is abundant many soil parent materials where new wetlands might be established. The risk, however, is only if wells tap shallow groundwater for human consumption. Otherwise, its benign where it is. The more dangerous risk, with bitter lessons having already been learned, is that the newly constructed wetland becomes a source of methyl mercury to surface water and aquatic life, and on up the food chain. In relatively rare sites where human activity has caused iron-bound mercury to accumulate under aerobic conditions (downstream from mercury mines or gold mining activities), creating a new wetland carries great risk. Under aerobic conditions, most solid-phase arsenic that contacts soil solution and groundwater is ferric-iron-bound arsenate. It is stable and benign under aerobic conditions. However, if it becomes waterlogged and low oxygen conditions prevail, that arsenic can be unleashed into solution through reductive dissolution of the ferric iron it is bound to. Toxic levels of arsenic in groundwater can be generated. However, this water is generally too salty to use for agriculture or human consumption anyway. Mercury mines generate acidic discharge. Pyrite oxidation generates sulfuric acid and ferric iron. Cinnabar oxidation generates sulfuric acid dissolved mercury. Ferric iron is soluble at high concentration in the strongly acidic mine discharge. As soon as the acid mine discharge hits near neutral pH stream water, iron floc begins to form as ferric iron forms oxyhydroxide precipitates. Dissolved mercury is sequestered and bound into the iron floc, removing nearly all of it from the stream water. Mercury-bearing iron floc then accumulated downstream in aerobic soil conditions. When folks decide to "remediate" the old mercury mine sites, they discovered the hard way that installing a new wetland downstream is a very bad idea. When mercury-bearing iron oxyhydroxide floc in aerobic soil is flooded into a low oxygen condition, iron reducing bacteria use ferric iron as oxidant to get energy from oxidation of organic carbon. This dissolves the solid-phase ferric iron, releasing it as soluble ferrous iron. Reductive dissolution of the ferric iron also releases the mercury that was bound to it. Under such conditions, the only way that iron-reducing can access the ferric iron for use as oxidant is to come into close contact with mercury. Iron reducing bacteria methylate mercury. Where the old mercury mine waste deposits had been benign for a century and a half, they had now become a source of methyl mercury for the food chain. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down page 3 |
| 02-04-2025 00:32 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2831) |
"Our Friend the Beaver" has been doing this for millions of years already. Beaver dams create constructed wetlands, from which the effluent groundwater and surface water contain significantly higher alkalinity (carbonate ion and bicarbonate ion) than the water upstream. Humans could mimic the beaver model on a larger scale to maximize alkalinity output from, and carbon sequestration into constructed wetlands. Human alteration of natural wetlands has diminished their export of alkalinity, and countered it with significant increase to sulfuric acid exported due to pyrite oxidation where the waterlogged soil has been drained to become aerobic. Better management of drained wetlands can dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions, decrease their export of sulfuric acid to surface waters, and increase their export of alkalinity in groundwater flows. The waterlogged conditions of wetlands impede entry of oxygen into the soil, creating low oxygen conditions where it is difficult for organic matter to decompose. Instead, new organic matter accumulates, year after year, sequestering significant carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Conversely, massive amounts of carbon dioxide are released when wetlands are drained, allowing oxygen to enter into the soil. Total CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from drained peatlands of Southeast Asia rival total CO2 emissions from automobile engines. Establishing new wetlands is easy, but there are some potential chemical pitfalls to be aware of - potential release of arsenic and potential generation of methyl mercury. The more widespread risk is for arsenic. It is abundant many soil parent materials where new wetlands might be established. The risk, however, is only if wells tap shallow groundwater for human consumption. Otherwise, its benign where it is. The more dangerous risk, with bitter lessons having already been learned, is that the newly constructed wetland becomes a source of methyl mercury to surface water and aquatic life, and on up the food chain. In relatively rare sites where human activity has caused iron-bound mercury to accumulate under aerobic conditions (downstream from mercury mines or gold mining activities), creating a new wetland carries great risk. Under aerobic conditions, most solid-phase arsenic that contacts soil solution and groundwater is ferric-iron-bound arsenate. It is stable and benign under aerobic conditions. However, if it becomes waterlogged and low oxygen conditions prevail, that arsenic can be unleashed into solution through reductive dissolution of the ferric iron it is bound to. Toxic levels of arsenic in groundwater can be generated. However, this water is generally too salty to use for agriculture or human consumption anyway. Mercury mines generate acidic discharge. Pyrite oxidation generates sulfuric acid and ferric iron. Cinnabar oxidation generates sulfuric acid dissolved mercury. Ferric iron is soluble at high concentration in the strongly acidic mine discharge. As soon as the acid mine discharge hits near neutral pH stream water, iron floc begins to form as ferric iron forms oxyhydroxide precipitates. Dissolved mercury is sequestered and bound into the iron floc, removing nearly all of it from the stream water. Mercury-bearing iron floc then accumulated downstream in aerobic soil conditions. When folks decide to "remediate" the old mercury mine sites, they discovered the hard way that installing a new wetland downstream is a very bad idea. When mercury-bearing iron oxyhydroxide floc in aerobic soil is flooded into a low oxygen condition, iron reducing bacteria use ferric iron as oxidant to get energy from oxidation of organic carbon. This dissolves the solid-phase ferric iron, releasing it as soluble ferrous iron. Reductive dissolution of the ferric iron also releases the mercury that was bound to it. Under such conditions, the only way that iron-reducing can access the ferric iron for use as oxidant is to come into close contact with mercury. Iron reducing bacteria methylate mercury. Where the old mercury mine waste deposits had been benign for a century and a half, they had now become a source of methyl mercury for the food chain. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down page 3 |
| 02-04-2025 01:10 | |
Swan ★★★★★(7781) |
Im a BM wrote: Sedation works, try it IBdaMann claims that Gold is a molecule, and that the last ice age never happened because I was not there to see it. The only conclusion that can be drawn from this is that IBdaMann is clearly not using enough LSD. According to CDC/Government info, people who were vaccinated are now DYING at a higher rate than non-vaccinated people, which exposes the covid vaccines as the poison that they are, this is now fully confirmed by the terrorist CDC This place is quieter than the FBI commenting on the chink bank account information on Hunter Xiden's laptop I LOVE TRUMP BECAUSE HE PISSES OFF ALL THE PEOPLE THAT I CAN'T STAND. ULTRA MAGA "Being unwanted, unloved, uncared for, forgotten by everybody, I think that is a much greater hunger, a much greater poverty than the person who has nothing to eat." MOTHER THERESA OF CALCUTTA So why is helping to hide the murder of an American president patriotic?  Sonia makes me so proud to be a dumb white boy  Now be honest, was I correct or was I correct? LOL |
| 02-04-2025 02:23 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2831) |
Swan wrote:Im a BM wrote: I fear that Swan and I may have somehow gotten our signals crossed. For about three years, I have attempted to make clear that my posts are intended for a target audience of scientifically literate individuals who actually give a shit about climate change. Sorry, Swan. I really didn't mean to lead you on in any way. I'm sorry if you got the impression that I consider you to be a scientifically literate individual who actually gives a shit about climate change. |
| 02-04-2025 04:10 | |
| Swan★★★★★ (7781) |
Im a BM wrote:Swan wrote:Im a BM wrote: The Earths climate has been changing for 5 billion years. All of your post, thoughts and ideas are irrelevant. Not that you can ever really know IBdaMann claims that Gold is a molecule, and that the last ice age never happened because I was not there to see it. The only conclusion that can be drawn from this is that IBdaMann is clearly not using enough LSD. According to CDC/Government info, people who were vaccinated are now DYING at a higher rate than non-vaccinated people, which exposes the covid vaccines as the poison that they are, this is now fully confirmed by the terrorist CDC This place is quieter than the FBI commenting on the chink bank account information on Hunter Xiden's laptop I LOVE TRUMP BECAUSE HE PISSES OFF ALL THE PEOPLE THAT I CAN'T STAND. ULTRA MAGA "Being unwanted, unloved, uncared for, forgotten by everybody, I think that is a much greater hunger, a much greater poverty than the person who has nothing to eat." MOTHER THERESA OF CALCUTTA So why is helping to hide the murder of an American president patriotic? Sonia makes me so proud to be a dumb white boy Now be honest, was I correct or was I correct? LOL |
| 02-04-2025 22:01 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2831) |
Swan wrote:Im a BM wrote:Swan wrote:Im a BM wrote: I'm begging you, Swan, to please stop making me feel so inferior with these displays of your scientific genius. It's bad enough when you rub your IQ in my face. But when I see the scientific masterpieces you compose, how can I help but feel inferior? The scientific genius of Swan really deserves its own thread, anyway, |
| 04-04-2025 20:20 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2831) |
"Our Friend the Beaver" has been doing this for millions of years already. Beaver dams create constructed wetlands, from which the effluent groundwater and surface water contain significantly higher alkalinity (carbonate ion and bicarbonate ion) than the water upstream. Humans could mimic the beaver model on a larger scale to maximize alkalinity output from, and carbon sequestration into constructed wetlands. Human alteration of natural wetlands has diminished their export of alkalinity, and countered it with significant increase to sulfuric acid exported due to pyrite oxidation where the waterlogged soil has been drained to become aerobic. Better management of drained wetlands can dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions, decrease their export of sulfuric acid to surface waters, and increase their export of alkalinity in groundwater flows. The waterlogged conditions of wetlands impede entry of oxygen into the soil, creating low oxygen conditions where it is difficult for organic matter to decompose. Instead, new organic matter accumulates, year after year, sequestering significant carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Conversely, massive amounts of carbon dioxide are released when wetlands are drained, allowing oxygen to enter into the soil. Total CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from drained peatlands of Southeast Asia rival total CO2 emissions from automobile engines. Establishing new wetlands is easy, but there are some potential chemical pitfalls to be aware of - potential release of arsenic and potential generation of methyl mercury. The more widespread risk is for arsenic. It is abundant many soil parent materials where new wetlands might be established. The risk, however, is only if wells tap shallow groundwater for human consumption. Otherwise, its benign where it is. The more dangerous risk, with bitter lessons having already been learned, is that the newly constructed wetland becomes a source of methyl mercury to surface water and aquatic life, and on up the food chain. In relatively rare sites where human activity has caused iron-bound mercury to accumulate under aerobic conditions (downstream from mercury mines or gold mining activities), creating a new wetland carries great risk. Under aerobic conditions, most solid-phase arsenic that contacts soil solution and groundwater is ferric-iron-bound arsenate. It is stable and benign under aerobic conditions. However, if it becomes waterlogged and low oxygen conditions prevail, that arsenic can be unleashed into solution through reductive dissolution of the ferric iron it is bound to. Toxic levels of arsenic in groundwater can be generated. However, this water is generally too salty to use for agriculture or human consumption anyway. Mercury mines generate acidic discharge. Pyrite oxidation generates sulfuric acid and ferric iron. Cinnabar oxidation generates sulfuric acid dissolved mercury. Ferric iron is soluble at high concentration in the strongly acidic mine discharge. As soon as the acid mine discharge hits near neutral pH stream water, iron floc begins to form as ferric iron forms oxyhydroxide precipitates. Dissolved mercury is sequestered and bound into the iron floc, removing nearly all of it from the stream water. Mercury-bearing iron floc then accumulated downstream in aerobic soil conditions. When folks decide to "remediate" the old mercury mine sites, they discovered the hard way that installing a new wetland downstream is a very bad idea. When mercury-bearing iron oxyhydroxide floc in aerobic soil is flooded into a low oxygen condition, iron reducing bacteria use ferric iron as oxidant to get energy from oxidation of organic carbon. This dissolves the solid-phase ferric iron, releasing it as soluble ferrous iron. Reductive dissolution of the ferric iron also releases the mercury that was bound to it. Under such conditions, the only way that iron-reducing can access the ferric iron for use as oxidant is to come into close contact with mercury. Iron reducing bacteria methylate mercury. Where the old mercury mine waste deposits had been benign for a century and a half, they had now become a source of methyl mercury for the food chain. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down page 3 |
| 08-04-2025 02:53 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2831) |
The Diminished Capacity of Wetlands as a Consequence of Human Activities. The capacities of a fully competent wetland include the ability to act as a carbon "sink" to sequester atmospheric carbon into organic carbon with a long residence time before decomposing. They also include the ability to act as a indispensable source of alkalinity, carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions, to marine ecosystems via submarine groundwater discharge. These capacities enable wetlands to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere to counter global warming, and increase the bioavailability of carbonate ion in sea water to counter the harm of ocean "acidification". Wetlands are experiencing diminished capacity as a consequence of human activity. As humans drain wetlands for agriculture, they transform them from net carbon "sinks" to become a net carbon "source" to the atmosphere. Ending the low oxygen waterlogged condition and exposing the sediment to oxygen enable aerobic decomposition and respiration to increase the output of CO2 to the atmosphere by about 50X. A 5000% increase in the rate of CO2 emitted per square meter, with NO increase to the rate of carbon sequestration via photosynthesis. The same land management practice of draining wetlands also transforms them from net exporters of alkalinity to the sea to become net exporters of sulfuric acid to the sea. Buried pyrite could not be oxidized in the low oxygen waterlogged condition. Draining the wetland and exposing the buried pyrite to oxygen enable sulfur oxidizing bacteria to transform pyrite into sulfuric acid. Human activity that induced global warming also diminished wetland capacity. Now more likely to get dry at the top during at least part of the year. This allows for more aerobic decomposition of the organic carbon into carbon dioxide. It also makes them a whole lot more prone to peat fires than they used to be, releasing a whole lot of carbon dioxide via combustion of peat organic carbon. Human activity that induced sea level rise also diminished wetland capacity. The "low" tide isn't as low as it used to be. The elevation difference between low tide and wetland soil surface isn't as great as it used to be. The hydraulic gradient that drives sulfate-rich sea water into low oxygen wetland sediment during drainage at low tide isn't as steep as it used to be. The output of alkalinity to the sea as submarine groundwater discharge is diminished. Another vicious feedback as Nature reacts to our impacts. The consequences of climate change diminish the capacity of wetlands to help combat climate change. "Our Friend the Beaver" has been doing this for millions of years already. Beaver dams create constructed wetlands, from which the effluent groundwater and surface water contain significantly higher alkalinity (carbonate ion and bicarbonate ion) than the water upstream. Humans could mimic the beaver model on a larger scale to maximize alkalinity output from, and carbon sequestration into constructed wetlands. Human alteration of natural wetlands has diminished their export of alkalinity, and countered it with significant increase to sulfuric acid exported due to pyrite oxidation where the waterlogged soil has been drained to become aerobic. Better management of drained wetlands can dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions, decrease their export of sulfuric acid to surface waters, and increase their export of alkalinity in groundwater flows. The waterlogged conditions of wetlands impede entry of oxygen into the soil, creating low oxygen conditions where it is difficult for organic matter to decompose. Instead, new organic matter accumulates, year after year, sequestering significant carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Conversely, massive amounts of carbon dioxide are released when wetlands are drained, allowing oxygen to enter into the soil. Total CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from drained peatlands of Southeast Asia rival total CO2 emissions from automobile engines. Establishing new wetlands is easy, but there are some potential chemical pitfalls to be aware of - potential release of arsenic and potential generation of methyl mercury. The more widespread risk is for arsenic. It is abundant many soil parent materials where new wetlands might be established. The risk, however, is only if wells tap shallow groundwater for human consumption. Otherwise, its benign where it is. The more dangerous risk, with bitter lessons having already been learned, is that the newly constructed wetland becomes a source of methyl mercury to surface water and aquatic life, and on up the food chain. In relatively rare sites where human activity has caused iron-bound mercury to accumulate under aerobic conditions (downstream from mercury mines or gold mining activities), creating a new wetland carries great risk. Under aerobic conditions, most solid-phase arsenic that contacts soil solution and groundwater is ferric-iron-bound arsenate. It is stable and benign under aerobic conditions. However, if it becomes waterlogged and low oxygen conditions prevail, that arsenic can be unleashed into solution through reductive dissolution of the ferric iron it is bound to. Toxic levels of arsenic in groundwater can be generated. However, this water is generally too salty to use for agriculture or human consumption anyway. Mercury mines generate acidic discharge. Pyrite oxidation generates sulfuric acid and ferric iron. Cinnabar oxidation generates sulfuric acid dissolved mercury. Ferric iron is soluble at high concentration in the strongly acidic mine discharge. As soon as the acid mine discharge hits near neutral pH stream water, iron floc begins to form as ferric iron forms oxyhydroxide precipitates. Dissolved mercury is sequestered and bound into the iron floc, removing nearly all of it from the stream water. Mercury-bearing iron floc then accumulated downstream in aerobic soil conditions. When folks decide to "remediate" the old mercury mine sites, they discovered the hard way that installing a new wetland downstream is a very bad idea. When mercury-bearing iron oxyhydroxide floc in aerobic soil is flooded into a low oxygen condition, iron reducing bacteria use ferric iron as oxidant to get energy from oxidation of organic carbon. This dissolves the solid-phase ferric iron, releasing it as soluble ferrous iron. Reductive dissolution of the ferric iron also releases the mercury that was bound to it. Under such conditions, the only way that iron-reducing can access the ferric iron for use as oxidant is to come into close contact with mercury. Iron reducing bacteria methylate mercury. Where the old mercury mine waste deposits had been benign for a century and a half, they had now become a source of methyl mercury for the food chain. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down page 3 |
| 08-04-2025 03:23 | |
| Swan★★★★★ (7781) |
Im a BM wrote:Swan wrote:Im a BM wrote:Swan wrote:Im a BM wrote: The FBI has an interesting file on my scientific genius. True f-cking story too bro. They even tried to steal my SCSI hot swappable hard drive, but they were too dumb to even recognize it as it was a one of a kind, made with a lego frame. IBdaMann claims that Gold is a molecule, and that the last ice age never happened because I was not there to see it. The only conclusion that can be drawn from this is that IBdaMann is clearly not using enough LSD. According to CDC/Government info, people who were vaccinated are now DYING at a higher rate than non-vaccinated people, which exposes the covid vaccines as the poison that they are, this is now fully confirmed by the terrorist CDC This place is quieter than the FBI commenting on the chink bank account information on Hunter Xiden's laptop I LOVE TRUMP BECAUSE HE PISSES OFF ALL THE PEOPLE THAT I CAN'T STAND. ULTRA MAGA "Being unwanted, unloved, uncared for, forgotten by everybody, I think that is a much greater hunger, a much greater poverty than the person who has nothing to eat." MOTHER THERESA OF CALCUTTA So why is helping to hide the murder of an American president patriotic? Sonia makes me so proud to be a dumb white boy Now be honest, was I correct or was I correct? LOL |
| 08-04-2025 03:48 | |
| Im a BM★★★★★ (2831) |
The Diminished Capacity of Wetlands as a Consequence of Human Activities. The capacities of a fully competent wetland include the ability to act as a carbon "sink" to sequester atmospheric carbon into organic carbon with a long residence time before decomposing. They also include the ability to act as a indispensable source of alkalinity, carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions, to marine ecosystems via submarine groundwater discharge. These capacities enable wetlands to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere to counter global warming, and increase the bioavailability of carbonate ion in sea water to counter the harm of ocean "acidification". Wetlands are experiencing diminished capacity as a consequence of human activity. As humans drain wetlands for agriculture, they transform them from net carbon "sinks" to become a net carbon "source" to the atmosphere. Ending the low oxygen waterlogged condition and exposing the sediment to oxygen enable aerobic decomposition and respiration to increase the output of CO2 to the atmosphere by about 50X. A 5000% increase in the rate of CO2 emitted per square meter, with NO increase to the rate of carbon sequestration via photosynthesis. The same land management practice of draining wetlands also transforms them from net exporters of alkalinity to the sea to become net exporters of sulfuric acid to the sea. Buried pyrite could not be oxidized in the low oxygen waterlogged condition. Draining the wetland and exposing the buried pyrite to oxygen enable sulfur oxidizing bacteria to transform pyrite into sulfuric acid. Human activity that induced global warming also diminished wetland capacity. Now more likely to get dry at the top during at least part of the year. This allows for more aerobic decomposition of the organic carbon into carbon dioxide. It also makes them a whole lot more prone to peat fires than they used to be, releasing a whole lot of carbon dioxide via combustion of peat organic carbon. Human activity that induced sea level rise also diminished wetland capacity. The "low" tide isn't as low as it used to be. The elevation difference between low tide and wetland soil surface isn't as great as it used to be. The hydraulic gradient that drives sulfate-rich sea water into low oxygen wetland sediment during drainage at low tide isn't as steep as it used to be. The output of alkalinity to the sea as submarine groundwater discharge is diminished. Another vicious feedback as Nature reacts to our impacts. The consequences of climate change diminish the capacity of wetlands to help combat climate change. "Our Friend the Beaver" has been doing this for millions of years already. Beaver dams create constructed wetlands, from which the effluent groundwater and surface water contain significantly higher alkalinity (carbonate ion and bicarbonate ion) than the water upstream. Humans could mimic the beaver model on a larger scale to maximize alkalinity output from, and carbon sequestration into constructed wetlands. Human alteration of natural wetlands has diminished their export of alkalinity, and countered it with significant increase to sulfuric acid exported due to pyrite oxidation where the waterlogged soil has been drained to become aerobic. Better management of drained wetlands can dramatically reduce carbon dioxide emissions, decrease their export of sulfuric acid to surface waters, and increase their export of alkalinity in groundwater flows. The waterlogged conditions of wetlands impede entry of oxygen into the soil, creating low oxygen conditions where it is difficult for organic matter to decompose. Instead, new organic matter accumulates, year after year, sequestering significant carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Conversely, massive amounts of carbon dioxide are released when wetlands are drained, allowing oxygen to enter into the soil. Total CO2 emissions to the atmosphere from drained peatlands of Southeast Asia rival total CO2 emissions from automobile engines. Establishing new wetlands is easy, but there are some potential chemical pitfalls to be aware of - potential release of arsenic and potential generation of methyl mercury. The more widespread risk is for arsenic. It is abundant many soil parent materials where new wetlands might be established. The risk, however, is only if wells tap shallow groundwater for human consumption. Otherwise, its benign where it is. The more dangerous risk, with bitter lessons having already been learned, is that the newly constructed wetland becomes a source of methyl mercury to surface water and aquatic life, and on up the food chain. In relatively rare sites where human activity has caused iron-bound mercury to accumulate under aerobic conditions (downstream from mercury mines or gold mining activities), creating a new wetland carries great risk. Under aerobic conditions, most solid-phase arsenic that contacts soil solution and groundwater is ferric-iron-bound arsenate. It is stable and benign under aerobic conditions. However, if it becomes waterlogged and low oxygen conditions prevail, that arsenic can be unleashed into solution through reductive dissolution of the ferric iron it is bound to. Toxic levels of arsenic in groundwater can be generated. However, this water is generally too salty to use for agriculture or human consumption anyway. Mercury mines generate acidic discharge. Pyrite oxidation generates sulfuric acid and ferric iron. Cinnabar oxidation generates sulfuric acid dissolved mercury. Ferric iron is soluble at high concentration in the strongly acidic mine discharge. As soon as the acid mine discharge hits near neutral pH stream water, iron floc begins to form as ferric iron forms oxyhydroxide precipitates. Dissolved mercury is sequestered and bound into the iron floc, removing nearly all of it from the stream water. Mercury-bearing iron floc then accumulated downstream in aerobic soil conditions. When folks decide to "remediate" the old mercury mine sites, they discovered the hard way that installing a new wetland downstream is a very bad idea. When mercury-bearing iron oxyhydroxide floc in aerobic soil is flooded into a low oxygen condition, iron reducing bacteria use ferric iron as oxidant to get energy from oxidation of organic carbon. This dissolves the solid-phase ferric iron, releasing it as soluble ferrous iron. Reductive dissolution of the ferric iron also releases the mercury that was bound to it. Under such conditions, the only way that iron-reducing can access the ferric iron for use as oxidant is to come into close contact with mercury. Iron reducing bacteria methylate mercury. Where the old mercury mine waste deposits had been benign for a century and a half, they had now become a source of methyl mercury for the food chain. The most relevant posts of this thread are compiled, beginning 3/4 way down page 3 |
| 08-04-2025 04:12 | |
| Swan★★★★★ (7781) |
Im a BM wrote: So FBI failures do not interest you. I am not surprised IBdaMann claims that Gold is a molecule, and that the last ice age never happened because I was not there to see it. The only conclusion that can be drawn from this is that IBdaMann is clearly not using enough LSD. According to CDC/Government info, people who were vaccinated are now DYING at a higher rate than non-vaccinated people, which exposes the covid vaccines as the poison that they are, this is now fully confirmed by the terrorist CDC This place is quieter than the FBI commenting on the chink bank account information on Hunter Xiden's laptop I LOVE TRUMP BECAUSE HE PISSES OFF ALL THE PEOPLE THAT I CAN'T STAND. ULTRA MAGA "Being unwanted, unloved, uncared for, forgotten by everybody, I think that is a much greater hunger, a much greater poverty than the person who has nothing to eat." MOTHER THERESA OF CALCUTTA So why is helping to hide the murder of an American president patriotic? Sonia makes me so proud to be a dumb white boy Now be honest, was I correct or was I correct? LOL |
Join the debate Maximizing Carbon Sequestration in Wetlands:
Related content
| Threads | Replies | Last post |
| Maximizing Carbon Sequestration in Terrestrial Agroecosystems | 1213 | 12-02-2026 23:02 |
| Our Friend the Beaver: Carbon Sequestration, Alkalinity Generation, and the "Extended" Phenotyp | 83 | 23-10-2025 18:40 |
| Carbon losses from soil predicted to enhance climate change | 223 | 30-07-2025 22:58 |
| carbon footprint | 175 | 20-05-2024 21:13 |
| Happy fourth of July. I wonder how many liberals are eating carbon cooked burgers | 1 | 06-07-2023 23:52 |